Objectives: Investigate the potential relationship between officer characteristics and poststop outcomes during police–citizen encounters. Methods: Data on police-initiated contacts were drawn from a large, racially/ethnically mixed urban environment. Cross-classified, multilevel models were estimated to identify correlates of five poststop outcomes. Results: Officer gender, race/ethnicity, and length of service exerted a direct and/or moderating effect on the likelihood of a traffic citation, criminal citation, and a search. Conclusions: Officer characteristics are a key, yet understudied, component to understanding the complexities of police officer decision-making in police–citizen encounters. The results indicate a noticeable component of the variation in poststop outcomes rests at the officer level thereby substantiating the continued exploration of these relationships. Moreover, the moderating effect of officer characteristics on the relationship between minority citizens and poststop outcomes presents new potential directions for expanding the social conditioning model and offers evidence regarding the in-group versus out-group perspectives within the context of police–citizen interactions. Limitations include omitted variable bias and inexact measurement of some variables.

中文翻译：

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另一个难题：官员特征和团队过程在理解停职后结果中的重要性

目标：调查在警察与公民的相遇中，军官特征与事发后结局之间的潜在关系。方法：警方发起的联系人​​的数据来自种族，种族混合的大型城市环境。估计了交叉分类的多层次模型，以识别五项事后调查结局的相关性。结果：官员的性别，种族/民族和服务时间对交通被引，犯罪被引和搜查的可能性产生直接和/或适度的影响。结论：警务人员的特征是了解警务人员与警察相遇时警务人员决策复杂性的关键但尚未深入研究的组成部分。结果表明，制止后结果差异的显着部分在于官员级别，从而证实了对这些关系的持续探索。此外，军官特征对少数族裔公民与事后成果之间关系的适度影响为扩大社会条件模型提供了新的潜在方向，并提供了在警察与公民互动的背景下有关群体内和群体外观点的证据。局限性包括忽略的变量偏差和某些变量的不精确测量。军官特征对少数族裔公民与事后成果之间关系的适度影响为扩展社会条件模型提供了新的潜在方向，并提供了在警察与公民互动的背景下关于群体内还是群体外观点的证据。局限性包括忽略的变量偏差和某些变量的不精确测量。军官特征对少数族裔公民与事后成果之间关系的适度影响为扩展社会条件模型提供了新的潜在方向，并提供了在警察与公民互动的背景下关于群体内还是群体外观点的证据。局限性包括忽略的变量偏差和某些变量的不精确测量。