In asymptomatic multiple-concussion athletes, studies evidenced long-term impairments in psychomotor speed, motor sequence learning, and cognitive control processes, as indexed by the Error Negativity (Ne), also commonly referred to as the Error-related Negativity (ERN). In healthy controls, motor sequence learning during a Serial Reaction Time (SRT) task is associated with an increase in Ne/ERN amplitude. The objective of this paper is to investigate whether concussion effects on cognitive control are associated with sequence learning changes in asymptomatic multi-concussion athletes. Thirty-seven athletes (18 nonconcussed; 19 concussed) completed a SRT task during which continuous electroencephalographic (EEG) activity was recorded. Ne/ERN amplitude modulation from early to late learning blocks of the task was measured. Median reaction times (RTs) were computed to assess psychomotor speed and motor sequence learning. Psychomotor speed was significantly reduced in concussed athletes. Accentuated Ne/ERN amplitude from early to late learning blocks significantly correlated with motor sequence learning in nonconcussed athletes. In contrast, Ne/ERN amplitude was found to decrease significantly with task progression in concussed athletes who nonetheless achieved normal motor sequence learning. Multiple concussions detrimentally affect psychomotor speed. Unlike nonconcussed athletes, motor sequence learning in multi-concussion athletes was not associated with Ne/ERN amplitude modulation, indicating that cognitive control processes do not centrally contribute to learning of a motor sequence after repeated concussions.

中文翻译：

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脑震荡对运动序列学习过程中心理运动速度和认知控制过程的长期影响

在无症状多发性脑震荡运动员中，研究表明，长期以来在精神运动速度，运动序列学习和认知控制过程中存在损害，这由错误负性（Ne）（通常也称为与错误相关的负性（ERN））来确定。在健康的控件中，在串行反应时间（SRT）任务期间进行的运动序列学习与Ne / ERN幅度的增加相关。本文的目的是研究在无症状多脑震荡运动员中脑震荡对认知控制的影响是否与序列学习变化有关。37名运动员（18名无脑震荡； 19名脑震荡）完成了SRT任务，并记录了连续的脑电图（EEG）活动。测量了从任务的早期到晚期学习阶段的Ne / ERN幅度调制。计算中位反应时间（RTs）以评估心理运动速度和运动序列学习。脑震荡运动员的精神运动速度明显降低。从早期到晚期学习障碍的加速Ne / ERN振幅与无脑震荡运动员的运动序列学习显着相关。相反，在完成正常运动序列学习的脑震荡运动员中，Ne / ERN振幅随着任务的进行而显着降低。多次脑震荡会影响心理运动速度。与非脑震荡运动员不同，多脑震荡运动员的运动序列学习与Ne / ERN振幅调制无关，这表明认知控制过程在反复脑震荡后不会集中地促进运动序列的学习。