We investigated the negation of media stereotypes. Negation refers to an internal attempt to negate stereotypic content (“No! This is not true!”). The process of negation is important because a critical assessment of stereotypic content can be beneficial for stereotype and prejudice reduction. This fact is a crucial reason why readers’ disagreement regarding simplified stereotypic depictions is of central interest for mass communication research and media literacy campaigns. Importantly, factors that can increase negation are of special interest. Although the ability and motivation to process stereotypic content can be theoretically identified as potential influencing factors, media-stereotype research has not yet tested the influence of these factors on negation. In Experiment 1 (N = 347), we manipulated the motivation to negate by presenting awareness material. We informed some of the participants that the news media often do not represent the world as it is, but sometimes do so in a stereotypic way. Analyses revealed that participants who received the awareness material before reading negated to a higher extent. In Experiment 2 (N = 223), we investigated the impact of ability by manipulating the time participants had to negate stereotypic content. The ability to negate was assumed to be higher the more time the participants had to process stereotypic information. As hypothesized, negation was higher when there was more time available. Interestingly, the increase in effect size was dampened the more time was available, which indicated a curvilinear relationship. Implications for media-literacy campaigns are discussed.

中文翻译：

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调查媒体刻板印象的否定

我们调查了媒体刻板印象的否定。否定是指内部企图否定刻板印象的内容（“否！这不是真的！”）。否定的过程很重要，因为对刻板印象内容的严格评估可能有益于刻板印象和偏见的减少。这个事实是为什么读者对简化刻板印象的不同意见引起大众传播研究和媒体素养运动的重要原因。重要的是，可以增加求反的因素特别重要。尽管从理论上可以将处理刻板印象内容的能力和动机确定为潜在的影响因素，但媒体刻板印象研究尚未测试这些因素对否定的影响。在实验1（N = 347）中，我们通过展示意识材料来操纵否定动机。我们告知一些参与者，新闻媒体通常不代表世界，而是有时以刻板印象代表世界。分析显示，在阅读之前获得认知材料的参与者的否定性更高。在实验2（N = 223）中，我们通过操纵参与者必须消除刻板印象内容的时间来研究能力的影响。参与者必须处理刻板印象信息的时间越长，否定能力就越高。如所假设的，当有更多时间可用时，否定率更高。有趣的是，随着可用时间的增加，效果大小的增加受到了抑制，这表明存在曲线关系。讨论了对媒体素养运动的影响。