The article explores the survival chances of children born out of wedlock in the Russian Baltic province of Livland from 1834 to 1891 and is based on court records as well as individual-level vital events data. The absence of a consistent mortality penalty for illegitimate infants and the considerable proportion of single mothers who went on to marry point to the lack of a strong social stigma. Other indicators, such as rates of stillbirths and early childhood mortality, mother’s age and socioeconomic status, and the time span between the birth and marriage, give evidence of marginalization.

中文翻译：

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“快乐生活？”的苦果 19世纪农村爱沙尼亚非婚生子女的生存机会

本文探讨了1834年至1891年俄罗斯波罗的海波罗的海省利夫兰州非婚生儿童的生存机会，并基于法院记录以及个人一级的重大事件数据。没有对非婚生婴儿实施一致的死刑处罚，并且继续结婚的单身母亲比例很高，这表明缺乏强烈的社会污名。其他指标，例如死产率和儿童早期死亡率，母亲的年龄和社会经济地位，以及出生和结婚之间的时间间隔，都表明了边缘化的迹象。