The common legal and economic framework of the European Union (EU) has turned the vast socio-economic differences within Europe into virulent problems of social inequality – issues that it attempts to tackle within its limited resources. The article takes the EU’s self-expressed social commitment as a starting point and analyses its approaches to social policy from a social-rights perspective. It first discusses why Marshall’s social-citizenship concept provides a useful analytical tool to assess the social policies enacted so far at the European level and then presents an institutional analysis of the EU’s four major social-policy activities: harmonising, funding, coordination and cooperation. This analysis focuses on the horizontal and vertical relationships and the addressees of these policies to determine how these policies measure up against social-rights standards. The findings point to the poor development of transnational social citizenship given the special nature of EU social policies. The only social rights that exist at the European level are in the field of social-security coordination. And even those are marked by a double selectivity that excludes citizens who are not transnationally active and those who are but lack the necessary means to provide for themselves.

中文翻译：

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重新审视马歇尔：从社会权利角度看欧盟的社会政策

欧盟（EU）的共同法律和经济框架已将欧洲内部巨大的社会经济差异变成了严重的社会不平等问题，这些问题是欧洲试图在其有限的资源范围内解决的。本文以欧盟的自我表达的社会承诺为出发点，并从社会权利的角度分析了欧盟的社会政策方针。它首先讨论了为什么马歇尔的社会公民身份概念提供了有用的分析工具，以评估迄今为止在欧洲一级制定的社会政策，然后提出了对欧盟四项主要社会政策活动的制度分析：协调，资金，协调与合作。该分析着重于这些政策的水平和垂直关系以及这些政策的对象，以确定这些政策如何根据社会权利标准进行衡量。研究结果表明，鉴于欧盟社会政策的特殊性，跨国社会公民身份的发展不佳。欧洲一级存在的唯一社会权利是在社会保障协调领域。甚至那些以双重选择性为特征的人也排除了那些没有从事跨国活动的公民和那些但是缺乏必要的自给自足能力的公民。