Animal personality, consistent interindividual differences in behavior through time, has been intensively studied across animal taxa and particularly in nonhuman primates. Two different methods have been used to study personality: questionnaires filled out by trusted raters, following the research tradition in human personality psychology, and behavioral observations or testing, based on the behavioral ecology research tradition. Systematic research of cross-method validity has, however, brought equivocal results. Here we report a systematic method comparison with strict validation criteria in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). We compared questionnaire data, observational behavioral data, and experimentally assessed behavioral data independently collected in two different research laboratories and across two years. Notably, we constructed a priori predictions on the degree and direction of correlations between the questionnaire-derived constructs and behaviorally derived constructs/variables. Convergent validity of the constructs/variables was present but was not found in both laboratories for any of the constructs. Discriminant validity was found to some degree for all constructs in both laboratories, with important exceptions. It seems that marmoset personality structure obtained with descriptor ratings does not consistently capture the predicted behavioral variables. Our finding that these two methods do not quite reach common ground thus urges caution in the choice of the suitable methods to study personality in nonhuman primates. We discuss the directions to which animal personality research should go so that it can get the "best of both worlds." (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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普通mar猴（Callithrix jacchus）中的人格方法验证：兼具两全。

动物个性，即行为随时间变化的一致个体间差异，已在整个动物类群中进行了深入研究，尤其是在非人类灵长类动物中。已使用两种不同的方法来研究人格：遵循人类人格心理学的研究传统，由可信赖的评分者填写调查表，以及基于行为生态学研究传统的行为观察或测试。然而，跨方法有效性的系统研究带来了模棱两可的结果。在这里，我们报告了在普通mar猴（Callithrix jacchus）中具有严格验证标准的系统方法比较。我们比较了问卷调查数据，观察行为数据以及在两个不同的研究实验室中以及两年中独立收集的实验评估的行为数据。值得注意的是 我们构建了关于问卷衍生的构造与行为衍生的构造/变量之间的相关程度和方向的先验预测。存在构建体/变量的收敛效度，但是在两个实验室中都没有发现任何构建体的收敛效度。除了重要的例外，两个实验室的所有结构在一定程度上都具有判别效度。似乎用描述符评级获得的mar猴人格结构不能始终如一地捕获预测的行为变量。我们的发现这两种方法还没有达到共识，因此在选择合适的方法来研究非人类灵长类动物的性格时应谨慎行事。我们讨论了动物个性研究应该走向的方向，以便使其能够“两全其美”。