The anomalous position of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in the capacity for self-recognition remains puzzling. The standard measure of self-recognition is Gallup's (1970) mark test that assesses an individual's ability to recognize its altered image in a mirror following the application of paint marks to visually inaccessible areas. Here, the results of a small-scale pilot study are presented, utilizing video playback through a TV monitor, to examine behavioral differences indicative of developing self-recognition. The behaviors of 4 Western lowland gorillas at Bristol Zoo, United Kingdom, were observed while watching a TV screen during 5 conditions: blank screen, white noise interference, footage of unfamiliar gorillas, self previously recorded, and self-live. Differences were predicted in the frequency of the gorillas' observed behaviors when viewing each of the conditions: specifically, that there would be more visual inspection, contingent body and facial movements, and self-exploration in the self-recorded and self-live conditions compared with the other conditions. These predictions were partially supported. No agonistic or fear responses were observed, and self-exploration was only seen in the self-live condition. During live playback, contingency-checking movements and self-exploration of the mouth were observed, particularly in the youngest gorilla, providing important video evidence of a close parallel to the mouth exploratory behavior witnessed in self-recognizing chimpanzees. On the basis of these preliminary findings of differentiated spontaneous behaviors, a tentative framework is proposed for categorizing gorillas according to levels of developing self-recognition along a continuum. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

---

大猩猩（大猩猩大猩猩）中的视频介导行为：少年男性自我认知发展的一个阶段？

大猩猩（Gorilla gorilla gorilla）在自我识别能力方面的异常位置仍然令人困惑。自我识别的标准方法是盖洛普（Gallup）（1970）的标记测试，该测试评估在将油漆标记应用于视觉上无法接近的区域后，个人在镜子中识别其更改图像的能力。在这里，展示了一项小规模试点研究的结果，利用通过电视监视器播放的视频检查了表明自我识别能力的行为差异。在5个条件下观看电视屏幕时，观察了英国布里斯托动物园中的4种西部低地大猩猩的行为：黑屏，白噪声干扰，不熟悉的大猩猩镜头，先前记录的自我和生活。预测大猩猩的频率差异 在查看每个条件时观察到的行为：特别是与其他条件相比，在自我记录和生活条件下会有更多的视觉检查，偶然的身体和面部运动以及自我探索。这些预测得到了部分支持。没有观察到激动或恐惧反应，只有在自我生存的条件下才能进行自我探索。在现场播放过程中，观察到了偶然性检查动作和嘴部自我探索，尤其是在最年轻的大猩猩中，这提供了重要的视频证据，与自我识别的黑猩猩所看到的嘴部探索行为极为相似。根据这些不同的自发行为的初步发现，提出了一个试探性框架，用于根据沿连续体发展的自我认知水平对大猩猩进行分类。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2020 APA，保留所有权利）。