In nonhuman animals, individuals of the same sex and age differ in their behavior patterns consistently across time, comparable with human personality differences. To draw conclusions about the adaptive value of behavior traits, it is essential to study them in the wild where animals are subject to the ecological pressures that promoted the evolution of behavior strategies. This study was conducted in the Phu Khieo Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand, on 4 groups of habituated wild Assamese macaques by observers who had familiarized themselves with the subjects over the course of an ongoing long-term study. We used a multimethod approach enabling the most comprehensive understanding of variation in stable interindividual differences in a species-typical ecological setting. We combined trait ratings (TRs), assessed with observer-report questionnaires (54-item Hominoid Personality Questionnaire) of 107 individuals of diverse age-sex classes, with behavior codings (BCs) of 24 adult males. We found male and female personality constructs to be congruent and examined reliability and construct validity. Combining trait rating and behavioral coding, we found two solutions with five factors to best describe the personality structure of the males: one structure comprised the dimensions GregariousnessBC, AggressivenessBC, SociabilityBC and VigilanceBC, complemented by a ConfidenceTR domain and the other structure OpportunismTR, ConfidenceTR, FriendlinessTR, ActivityTR complemented with VigianceBC. We discuss our findings with regard to the importance of construct validity and reproducibility in the context of method development and standardization in nonhuman animal personality research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

中文翻译：

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野生阿萨姆猕猴（Macaca assamensis）的综合人格评估。

在非人类动物中，相同性别和年龄的个体的行为模式在整个时间范围内始终如一，与人类的人格差异相当。为了得出有关行为特征的适应性价值的结论，必须在野外研究这些特征，因为在这些野生动物中，动物要承受促进行为策略演变的生态压力。这项研究是在泰国的Phu Khieo野生动物保护区中，对4组习惯化的野生阿萨姆猕猴进行观察的，他们在长期的研究过程中已经熟悉了这些对象。我们使用了一种多方法方法，可以最全面地了解物种典型生态环境中稳定的个体间差异的变化。我们结合了特质等级（TR），使用观察者报告调查表（54项类人动物性格问卷）对107名不同年龄性别类别的人进行了评估，其中行为编码（BC）为24名成年男性。我们发现男性和女性人格结构是一致的，并检验了信度和结构效度。结合特质等级和行为编码，我们发现了两个具有五个因素的解决方案，可以最好地描述男性的人格结构：一种结构包括GregariousnessBC，AggressivenessBC，SociabilityBC和VigilanceBC维度，并辅以ConfidenceTR域，另一种结构包括OpportunismTR，ConfidenceTR FriendlinessTR，ActivityTR和VigianceBC相辅相成。我们讨论关于在非人类动物性格研究中方法开发和标准化的背景下构建有效性和可重复性的重要性的发现。（PsycINFO数据库记录（c）2019 APA，保留所有权利）。