This study examined associations between cultural socialization and Hmong American early adolescents’ (n = 93) ethnic–racial identity in the context of the overall parent–adolescent relationship. Findings suggested that cultural socialization was positively related to ethnic exploration and resolution but not to affirmation. Involved–supportive parenting was not related to adolescent ethnic–racial identity either directly or as a moderator. Acculturation gaps, on the other hand, were indirectly related to ethnic affirmation via intergenerational conflict. In addition, indirect associations linking higher levels of cultural socialization to affirmation via conflict were found, but only at high levels of acculturation gaps. Findings and their implications are discussed.

中文翻译：

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父母对美国苗族青少年民族-种族认同的影响。

本研究考察了文化社会化与美国苗族早期青少年（n = 93）在整体父母-青少年关系背景下的种族-种族认同之间的关联。研究结果表明，文化社会化与民族探索和解决呈正相关，但与肯定无关。参与-支持性养育与青少年种族-种族认同没有直接关系或作为调节者。另一方面，文化适应差距通过代际冲突与种族认同间接相关。此外，还发现了通过冲突将更高水平的文化社会化与确认联系起来的间接关联，但仅在高度的文化差异中存在。讨论了结果及其影响。