Parental communications with their offspring about race and ethnicity are essential in a multiethnic society like the United States, and a body of research has examined this process of ethnic–racial socialization. Characterized as a “model minority,” South Asian Americans are a unique group that is largely invisible in psychological research. Understanding parental messages they receive about race, and their racialized experiences, is critical. Using a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design, in Phase 1, we quantitatively examined interrelations among South Asian American emerging adults’ (n = 54) reports of parental ethnic–racial socialization (cultural socialization, preparation for bias, and promotion of mistrust), ethnic identity, model minority stereotype, and psychological well-being. Cultural socialization was positively associated with ethnic identity, affirmation/belonging to one’s ethnic group, model minority pride and pressure, and model minority achievement orientation. Preparation for bias and promotion of mistrust were positively related to model minority pressure and adjustment problems, and promotion of mistrust was also negatively related to life satisfaction. Subsequently, in Phase 2, we interviewed a separate sample of Indian American emerging adults (n = 10) to explore the content of parental race-related messages and lived experiences. Analyses generated 14 themes organized in 3 domains (cultural socialization and model minority experience, racism and coping, and effects of parental messages). Participants reported accepting the model minority characterization while also considering it unfair, and shared associated challenges and benefits. Participants reported experiencing racism, and messages from their parents to be prepared for such experiences, along with caution about other ethnic groups.

中文翻译：

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南亚裔美国新兴成年人的种族社会化、模范少数族裔体验和心理功能：一项初步的混合方法研究。

在像美国这样的多民族社会中，父母与后代就种族和族裔进行交流是必不可少的，并且有大量研究调查了这种族裔-种族社会化的过程。被称为“模范少数民族”的南亚裔美国人是一个独特的群体，在心理学研究中基本上是隐形的。了解他们收到的有关种族的父母信息以及他们的种族化经历至关重要。使用顺序解释性混合方法设计，在第 1 阶段，我们定量研究了南亚裔美国新兴成年人（n = 54）关于父母种族社会化（文化社会化、偏见准备和促进不信任）报告之间的相互关系，民族认同、模范少数民族刻板印象和心理健康。文化社会化与民族认同、肯定/属于自己的民族、模范少数民族自豪感和压力、模范少数民族成就取向呈正相关。偏见的准备和不信任的提升与模范少数民族压力和调整问题呈正相关，不信任的提升也与生活满意度呈负相关。随后，在第 2 阶段，我们采访了一个独立的印度裔美国新兴成年人样本（n = 10），以探索与父母种族相关的信息和生活经历的内容。分析产生了 14 个主题，分为 3 个领域（文化社会化和模范少数族裔体验、种族主义和应对以及父母信息的影响）。参与者报告接受模范少数族裔特征，同时也认为它不公平，并分享相关的挑战和好处。参与者报告说他们经历了种族主义，他们的父母告诉他们要为这样的经历做好准备，同时对其他族裔群体持谨慎态度。