Although studies generally find that transracially adopted children who are socialized in their birth or ethnic culture report higher levels of psychological well-being, studies of racial socialization report conflicting results (Boivin & Hassan, 2015). These inconsistencies highlight the complexity and distinctiveness of racial socialization processes and the need to better understand how parental messages about racial diversity and racism are experienced across developmental periods. Drawing on constructivist and poststructuralist paradigms, 8 focus groups explored the racial socialization narratives of 34 Korean American transracially adopted adults raised by White parents. The aims were to explore subjective experiences of parental racial socialization strategies and their perceived effect on identity development and other key areas of functioning. Analysis of focus group transcripts was informed by grounded theory and narrative frameworks. Parent socialization strategies were classified as avoidant (color-blind or passive/child-choice), ambivalent, or engaged (active/child-focused or participatory/multicultural family). Avoidant and ambivalent approaches were most common and reinforced by participants’ own desire for racial sameness in childhood. As participants traversed middle childhood and adolescence, they increasingly viewed avoidant and ambivalent parents as vulnerable, biased, and ill equipped to handle the racial realities of their lives. The perceived fragility of these parents led participants to suppress stories of racial marginalization and oppression, created distance in the relationship, impeded the process of identity exploration, and left them unprepared to cope with racist events.

中文翻译：

---

“我正在学习不告诉你”：韩国跨种族收养者对父母种族社会化策略和感知效果的评价。

尽管研究普遍发现，在出生或种族文化中社会化的跨种族收养儿童心理健康水平更高，但种族社会化研究报告的结果相互矛盾（Boivin 和 Hassan，2015 年）。这些不一致突出了种族社会化过程的复杂性和独特性，以及需要更好地了解在整个发展时期如何体验父母关于种族多样性和种族主义的信息。利用建构主义和后结构主义范式，8 个焦点小组探讨了 34 名由白人父母抚养长大的韩裔美国人跨种族收养的成年人的种族社会化叙事。目的是探索父母种族社会化策略的主观体验及其对身份发展和其他关键功能领域的感知影响。通过扎根理论和叙事框架对焦点小组成绩单进行分析。父母社交策略被分类为回避型（色盲或被动/儿童选择）、矛盾型或参与型（主动/以儿童为中心或参与型/多元文化家庭）。回避和矛盾的方法最常见，并且被参与者自己在童年时期对种族相同的渴望所强化。随着参与者经历了童年中期和青春期，他们越来越认为回避和矛盾的父母是脆弱的、有偏见的，并且没有能力处理他们生活中的种族现实。