Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have aroused widespread attention because of their remarkable properties and potential applications. Herein, we discuss both the top-down and bottom-up strategies for the synthesis of GQDs. Different processes are presented to study their characteristics and the influence on the final properties of GQDs. The respective advantages and disadvantages of these methods are summarized. With regard to some important or novel ones, mechanisms are proposed for reference. In addition, the application of GQDs in biosensors is highlighted in detail. At last, we put forward some problems to be solved and give a brief prospect in their future developments. This review is very useful for quickly gaining knowledge and experience for synthesizing GQDs and designing the related novel biosensors.

中文翻译：

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石墨烯量子点的批判性回顾：生物传感器的合成和应用

石墨烯量子点（GQDs）因其卓越的性能和潜在的应用而引起了广泛的关注。在这里，我们讨论了自上而下和自下而上的 GQD 合成策略。提出了不同的过程来研究它们的特性以及对 GQD 最终性能的影响。总结了这些方法各自的优缺点。对于一些重要的或新颖的，提出机制供参考。此外，还详细强调了 GQD 在生物传感器中的应用。最后，我们提出了一些有待解决的问题，并对它们未来的发展进行了简要的展望。本综述对于快速获取合成 GQD 和设计相关新型生物传感器的知识和经验非常有用。