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Functional Morphology of Vertebrate Claws Investigated Using Functionally Based Categories and Multiple Morphological Metrics
Journal of Morphology ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-18 , DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21317 Tracy J Thomson 1 , Ryosuke Motani 1
Journal of Morphology ( IF 1.5 ) Pub Date : 2021-01-18 , DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21317 Tracy J Thomson 1 , Ryosuke Motani 1
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The link between claw morphology and function has been historically difficult to quantify, analyze and interpret. In this study, the functional morphology of vertebrate claws is analyzed using measurements taken from 80 modern claw specimens spanning birds, mammals, and one reptile. Claw measurements were chosen for their potential biomechanical significance and a revised, expanded categorization of claw function is defined and used. This categorization scheme is the result of an extensive literature review and is based on the observed mechanics of claw function rather than the animal's overall ecology, an important departure from the norm followed in previous studies. A principal component analysis of the claw measurements reveals that some of the morphological disparity is related to functional differences; however, different functional categories are not clearly separated based solely on morphology. A linear discriminant analysis successfully classifies 81.25% of the claw specimens to their documented functional categories. When the posterior probabilities of each classification are examined, and the next highest probabilities are considered, the analysis is able to successfully classify 96.25% of the claw specimens. Expressing angle measurements in terms of lengths prior to analysis and incorporating cross-sectional shape data both serve to reduce the misclassification rate. The use of biomechanically meaningful claw measurements and categories based on function (rather than ecology) improves confidence in the ability to infer claw function based on morphology using discriminant analysis methods. While overall claw morphology is most certainly the result of multiple factors (e.g., growth, size, etc.), this study establishes that it reflects mechanical function more than previously demonstrated.
中文翻译：
使用基于功能的类别和多种形态学指标研究脊椎动物爪的功能形态学
爪形态和功能之间的联系历来难以量化、分析和解释。在这项研究中，使用从跨越鸟类、哺乳动物和一只爬行动物的 80 个现代爪标本中获取的测量值来分析脊椎动物爪的功能形态。选择爪测量是因为它们具有潜在的生物力学意义，并定义和使用了修订的、扩展的爪功能分类。这种分类方案是广泛文献综述的结果，基于观察到的爪子功能机制，而不是动物的整体生态，与以往研究中遵循的规范有很大不同。爪测量的主成分分析表明，一些形态差异与功能差异有关；然而，不同的功能类别并不能仅仅基于形态学进行明确区分。线性判别分析成功地将 81.25% 的爪标本归入其记录的功能类别。当检查每个分类的后验概率并考虑下一个最高概率时，该分析能够成功地对 96.25% 的爪标本进行分类。在分析之前用长度表示角度测量值并结合横截面形状数据都有助于降低误分类率。使用具有生物力学意义的爪测量和基于功能（而不是生态学）的类别提高了使用判别分析方法根据形态推断爪功能的能力的信心。
更新日期：2021-01-18
中文翻译：
使用基于功能的类别和多种形态学指标研究脊椎动物爪的功能形态学
爪形态和功能之间的联系历来难以量化、分析和解释。在这项研究中，使用从跨越鸟类、哺乳动物和一只爬行动物的 80 个现代爪标本中获取的测量值来分析脊椎动物爪的功能形态。选择爪测量是因为它们具有潜在的生物力学意义，并定义和使用了修订的、扩展的爪功能分类。这种分类方案是广泛文献综述的结果，基于观察到的爪子功能机制，而不是动物的整体生态，与以往研究中遵循的规范有很大不同。爪测量的主成分分析表明，一些形态差异与功能差异有关；然而，不同的功能类别并不能仅仅基于形态学进行明确区分。线性判别分析成功地将 81.25% 的爪标本归入其记录的功能类别。当检查每个分类的后验概率并考虑下一个最高概率时，该分析能够成功地对 96.25% 的爪标本进行分类。在分析之前用长度表示角度测量值并结合横截面形状数据都有助于降低误分类率。使用具有生物力学意义的爪测量和基于功能（而不是生态学）的类别提高了使用判别分析方法根据形态推断爪功能的能力的信心。
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