Regulatory roles of hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) under saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress have not been studied yet. In this study, we investigated the insights into saline-alkaline and/or aniline stresses-induced toxicity in artichoke plants and its alleviation by H₂S priming. Individual saline-alkaline or aniline stress and their combination reduced plant growth and photosynthetic pigments. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that these detrimental impacts are caused by the higher oxidative damage and disruption of osmolyte homeostasis. Interestingly, only aniline stress (25 mg L⁻¹) caused neither oxidative nor osmotic stress thus almost slight growth retarding effects have ensued. On the other hand, the presence of aniline in saline-alkaline conditions exacerbated stress-induced deleterious effects on plants, as evidenced by PCA and heatmap. However, H₂S priming markedly eased the stress-induced deleteriousness as evident by enhanced chlorophyll, soluble proteins, soluble carbohydrates and up-regulated water relation in H₂S-primmed plants compared with only stressed plants resulting in improved plant phenotypic features. Furthermore, H₂S priming enhanced endogenous H₂S content, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, non-enzymatic antioxidants (ascorbic acid, flavonoids, glutathione, α-tocopherol, and anthocyanins) and enzymatic antioxidants (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase), whereas reduced oxidative stress markers (superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical, malondialdehyde, and methylglyoxal) compared with only stressed plants, indicating a protective function of H₂S against oxidative damage. The PCA also clarified that H₂S-mediated saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress tolerance strongly connected with the improved antioxidant system. Overall, our finding proposed that H₂S priming could be an effective technique to mitigate saline-alkaline and/or aniline stress in artichoke, and perhaps in other crop plants.

尚未研究硫化氢（H ₂ S）在盐碱和/或苯胺胁迫下的调节作用。在这项研究中，我们调查了盐碱和/或苯胺胁迫在朝鲜蓟植物中诱导的毒性及其通过H ₂ S引发减轻毒性的见解。单独的盐碱或苯胺胁迫及其组合降低了植物的生长和光合色素。主成分分析（PCA）显示，这些有害影响是由于较高的氧化损伤和渗透压稳态的破坏引起的。有趣的是，只有苯胺胁迫（25 mg L ^-1）既没有引起氧化胁迫也没有引起渗透胁迫，因此产生了几乎轻微的生长迟缓作用。另一方面，PCA和热图证明，盐碱条件下苯胺的存在会加剧胁迫诱导的对植物的有害作用。然而，与仅胁迫的植物相比，H ₂ S引发显着缓解了胁迫诱导的有害性，这与仅胁迫的植物相比，增强了H ₂ S引发的植物的叶绿素，可溶性蛋白，可溶性碳水化合物和上调的水关系增强了植物的表型特征。此外，H ₂ S引发增强了内源性H ₂S含量，苯丙氨酸氨裂解酶，非酶抗氧化剂（抗坏血酸，类黄酮，谷胱甘肽，α-生育酚和花色苷）和酶抗氧化剂（超氧化物歧化酶，过氧化氢酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶），而氧化应激指标降低（超氧化物，氢过氧化氢，羟自由基，丙二醛和甲基乙二醛）与仅受胁迫的植物相比，表明H ₂ S对氧化损伤具有保护作用。PCA还阐明，H ₂ S介导的盐碱和/或苯胺应力耐受性与改进的抗氧化剂系统密切相关。总体而言，我们的发现提出H ₂S引发可能是减轻朝鲜蓟，也许还有其他农作物中盐碱和/或苯胺胁迫的有效技术。