Purpose: This study evaluates the potential of biomass ash as raw clinker material and the influence of biomass feedstock and thermal conversion technology on biomass ash properties. Methods: A set of criteria for biomass feedstock and ash properties (i.e. CaO/SiO₂ ratio and burnability) are established. A large dataset was collected and the best combination of biomass feedstock and conversion technology regarding the desired ash quality was identified. Results: Wood biomass has the highest potential to provide the right CaO/SiO₂ ratio which is needed to form clinker minerals. Bark content and exogenous Si inclusion in wood biomass have a large influence on the CaO/SiO₂ ratio. Paper sludge is composed of Ca, Si and Al and can potentially serve as a source of cement elements. Wood fly ash from pulverized fuel combustion can substitute a considerable amount of raw clinker materials due to its similar burnability. The replacement ratio is determined by the content of adverse elements in the ash (i.e. MgO₂ and P₂O₅). Conclusion: Using biomass ash to lower the CO₂ emission from clinker production depends on the joint effort of bioenergy producers, by providing higher quality biomass ash, and cement makers, by adapting the kiln operation to enable a high level of raw material replacement by biomass ash.The presented evaluation of the ash production chain, from biomass selection through combustion technology and ash management, provides new insights and recommendations for both stakeholders to facilitate this sustainable development.

Graphic Abstract

中文翻译：

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评估受原料和热转化技术影响的低碳足迹水泥熟料生产的生物质灰分性质

目的：本研究评估生物质灰作为熟料原料的潜力，以及生物质原料和热转化技术对生物质灰性质的影响。方法：建立了一套生物质原料和灰分性质（即CaO / SiO ₂比和可燃性）的标准。收集了一个大型数据集，并确定了有关所需灰分质量的生物质原料和转化技术的最佳组合。结果：木材生物质具有提供形成熟料矿物所需的正确CaO / SiO ₂比的最大潜力。木材生物量中的树皮含量和外源性Si夹杂物对CaO / SiO _2的影响很大比。纸污泥由Ca，Si和Al组成，并有可能成为水泥元素的来源。由粉状燃料燃烧产生的木粉煤灰由于具有相似的可燃性，因此可以替代大量的熟料原料。置换率由灰中有害元素（即MgO ₂和P ₂ O ₅）的含量决定。结论：利用生物质灰分降低CO ₂ 熟料生产的排放取决于生物质能源生产者的共同努力，即提供更高质量的生物质灰分;水泥制造商，通过调整窑炉操作以实现高水平的生物质灰分替代原料，这是目前灰烬生产链的评价从生物质选择到燃烧技术和灰分管理，为双方利益相关者提供了新的见识和建议，以促进这一可持续发展。

图形摘要