Inorganic-organic composites based on the foil and standard RALEX® cation-exchange heterogeneous membranes (Mega a.s., Czech Republic) were prepared by in situ modification with sulfated zirconia (S-ZrO 2 ). The composite membranes were characterized by SEM, TGA, X-ray diffraction, and FTIR spectroscopy. The effect of S-ZrO 2 doping on membrane transport properties was studied using measurements of water uptake, ion-exchange capacity, conductivity, cation diffusion, hydrogen permeability, current-voltage characteristics, and membrane specific permselectivity (Ca 2+ /Na + ). The S-ZrO 2 incorporation leads to an increase in conductivity and permselectivity of the composite membranes. The proton conductivity of the S-ZrO 2 -doped foil membrane (0.0316 S/cm at 30°С) is 4 times higher than that of the pristine membrane. The Ca 2+ /Na + permselectivity of the standard RALEX® CM membrane doped by S-ZrO 2 reaches 3.8 at low current densities. Moreover, the composite membranes retain their selectivity during the long-term tests (> 50 h continuous electrodialysis). The sulfated zirconia doping of heterogeneous membranes demonstrated an excellent separation efficiency that can be used in wastewater treatment, desalination, and related electromembrane separation processes as well as to reduce scaling of electrodialysis modules. Graphical abstract

中文翻译：

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通过硫酸化氧化锆改性提高异质膜的离子电导率和选择性

基于箔和标准 RALEX® 阳离子交换异质膜（Mega as，捷克共和国）的无机-有机复合材料是通过用硫酸化氧化锆 (S-ZrO 2 ) 原位改性制备的。通过SEM、TGA、X射线衍射和FTIR光谱对复合膜进行了表征。通过对吸水量、离子交换容量、电导率、阳离子扩散、氢渗透率、电流-电压特性和膜选择性渗透率 (Ca 2+ /Na + ) 的测量，研究了 S-ZrO 2 掺杂对膜传输特性的影响. S-ZrO 2 的掺入导致复合膜的电导率和渗透选择性的增加。S-ZrO 2 掺杂箔膜的质子传导率（0.0316 S/cm at 30°С）是原始膜的 4 倍。由 S-ZrO 2 掺杂的标准 RALEX® CM 膜的 Ca 2+ /Na + 渗透选择性在低电流密度下达到 3.8。此外，复合膜在长期测试（> 50 小时连续电渗析）期间保持其选择性。多相膜的硫酸化氧化锆掺杂表现出优异的分离效率，可用于废水处理、脱盐和相关的电膜分离过程，以及减少电渗析模块的结垢。图形概要 多相膜的硫酸化氧化锆掺杂表现出优异的分离效率，可用于废水处理、脱盐和相关的电膜分离过程，以及减少电渗析模块的结垢。图形概要 多相膜的硫酸化氧化锆掺杂表现出优异的分离效率，可用于废水处理、脱盐和相关的电膜分离过程，以及减少电渗析模块的结垢。图形概要