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Acute, sub-acute, sub-chronic and chronic toxicity studies of four important Nigerian ethnomedicinal plants in rats
Clinical Phytoscience Pub Date : 2021-01-02 , DOI: 10.1186/s40816-020-00244-2
Abdullah M. Tauheed , Mohammed Mamman , Abubakar Ahmed , Na’imatu A. Sani , Mohammed M. Suleiman , Mohammed H. Sulaiman , Emmanuel O. Balogun

Azadirachta indica, Khaya senegalensis, Anogeissus leiocarpus and Tamarindus indica are important ethnomedicinal plants used for health mitigation since the history of mankind. They are used discretionarily in folkloric medicine on the premise that they are natural products devoid of synthetic preservatives. However, nature endows plants with metabolites for warding off potential attacks from animals and the environment. Some of these metabolites are responsible for toxicity of some plants. Furthermore, drug-induced liver injuries and nephrotoxicity are the leading causes of pharmaceutical attrition of promising drug candidates in clinical trials. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the safety of four ethnomedicinal plants in short-, medium- and long-term usage. Rats dosed once with 5000 mg/kg extracts of each of these plants served as acute study (AS) while rats dosed daily with 2000 mg/kg for 2, 12 and 14 weeks served as sub-acute (SAS), sub-chronic (SCS) and chronic (CS) studies, respectively. Rats administered distilled water served as the negative control (NC). A. leiocarpus and T. indica significantly reduced percentage weight gain in the SCS compared to the NC. A. leiocarpus significantly (P< 0.05) increased transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in the AS only; and total protein (TP) in the AS, SAS, SCS and CS compared to the NC. K. senegalensis significantly (P< 0.05) increased alanine aminotransferase but significantly (P< 0.05) decreased TP in the AS only compared to the NC. However, A. indica and T. indica significantly (P< 0.05) increased globulin and aspartate transaminase in the CS only. Whereas A. leiocarpus and K. senegalensis significantly (P< 0.05) increased urea and creatinine in the AS than SAS, SCS and CS; Na+ and K+ were significantly higher in the SCS and CS studies compared to the NC. The histological lesions seen ranged from cellular degeneration, congestion, fibrosis to necrosis. Thus, nonlethal, reversible toxic insults occur in short-term usage (AS); while, insidious lethal toxic effects occur in medium-term (SAS) and long-term usage (SCS and CS). The ability of these plant to maintain adequate hematological parameters, bodyweight and absence of mortality may explain free usage of preparations made from these plants in folkloric medicine.

中文翻译:

大鼠四种尼日利亚重要民族植物的急性,亚急性,亚慢性和慢性毒性研究

自人类历史以来,印度的印za属,塞内加尔的卡亚,塞内加尔的黑线虫和印度的罗望子是重要的民族植物药,可用于缓解健康。在它们是不含合成防腐剂的天然产物的前提下,可在民俗医学中酌情使用它们。但是,自然赋予植物代谢产物,以防止动物和环境的潜在攻击。这些代谢物中的一些负责某些植物的毒性。此外,药物诱发的肝损伤和肾毒性是临床试验中有希望的候选药物药物耗竭的主要原因。因此,我们旨在评估四种民族,药用植物在短期,中期和长期使用中的安全性。一次给大鼠服用每种植物的5000 mg / kg提取物的大鼠作为急性研究(AS),而每天给以2000 mg / kg的大鼠为期2、12和14周的大鼠作为亚急性(SAS),亚慢性(SAS) SCS)和长期(CS)研究。给予蒸馏水的大鼠作为阴性对照(NC)。与NC相比,A。leiocarpus和T. indica显着降低了SCS中体重增加的百分比。仅在AS中,Leocarpus A. leiocarpus显着增加(P <0.05)转氨酶和碱性磷酸酶。与NC相比,AS,SAS,SCS和CS中的总蛋白(TP)更高。仅在AS中,塞内加尔K.senegalensis显着(P <0.05)增加了丙氨酸转氨酶,但显着(P <0.05)降低了TP。但是,印度A和印度T明显(P <0。05)仅在CS中增加球蛋白和天冬氨酸转氨酶。相比于SAS,SCS和CS,Leocarpus和K.senegalensis在AS中显着增加(P <0.05)尿素和肌酐。与NC相比,SCS和CS研究中的Na +和K +明显更高。所见的组织学病变范围从细胞变性,充血,纤维化到坏死。因此,短期使用会产生非致命性,可逆的毒性伤害。同时,在中期(SAS)和长期使用(SCS和CS)中会发生隐性的致命毒性作用。这些植物保持足够的血液学参数,体重和无死亡率的能力可以解释在民俗医学中免费使用这些植物制成的制剂。05)AS中的尿素和肌酐比SAS,SCS和CS增加;与NC相比,SCS和CS研究中的Na +和K +明显更高。所见的组织学病变范围从细胞变性,充血,纤维化到坏死。因此,短期使用会产生非致命性,可逆的毒性伤害。同时,在中期(SAS)和长期使用(SCS和CS)中会发生隐性的致命毒性作用。这些植物保持足够的血液学参数,体重和无死亡率的能力可以解释在民俗医学中免费使用这些植物制成的制剂。05)AS中的尿素和肌酐比SAS,SCS和CS增加;与NC相比,SCS和CS研究中的Na +和K +明显更高。所见的组织学病变范围从细胞变性,充血,纤维化到坏死。因此,短期使用会产生非致命性,可逆的毒性伤害。同时,在中期(SAS)和长期使用(SCS和CS)中会发生隐性的致命毒性作用。这些植物保持足够的血液学参数,体重和无死亡率的能力可以解释在民俗医学中免费使用这些植物制成的制剂。短期使用会产生可逆的有毒侮辱(AS);同时,在中期(SAS)和长期使用(SCS和CS)中会发生隐性的致命毒性作用。这些植物保持足够的血液学参数,体重和无死亡率的能力可以解释在民俗医学中免费使用这些植物制成的制剂。短期使用会产生可逆的有毒侮辱(AS);同时,在中期(SAS)和长期使用(SCS和CS)中会发生隐性的致命毒性作用。这些植物保持足够的血液学参数,体重和无死亡率的能力可以解释在民俗医学中免费使用这些植物制成的制剂。
更新日期:2021-01-04
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