ABSTRACT

Arundo donax L. (Poaceae) is considered to be one of the worst invasive plants in the world, and here, we present a synthesis of all aspects of its biology, ecology and management that are relevant to understanding its invasive behaviour. This report presents information on the taxonomy, morphology, distribution, history of introduction and spread, ecology, responses to abiotic and biotic factors, biology, negative impacts, management and uses within the framework of a series of Botany Letters on Monographs on invasive plants in Europe. Arundo donax (giant reed) originated in subtropical Asia and is invasive in other warm regions worldwide, especially in degraded riparian areas. Introduced for use in agriculture, erosion control and construction in the Mediterranean European region since ancient times, it has become naturalized in several freshwater habitats and in disturbed areas. In its introduced range, A. donax shows strong genetic uniformity and no seed production. This situation is reversed in Asia, where this taxon is fertile and morphologically and genetically polymorphic. This perennial grass combines rhizomatous clonal growth with a tolerance to a wide variety of ecological conditions, such as high salinity levels and long droughts. This tall reed can increase the risk of fire, alter the natural drainage of channels and invade very sensitive habitats, posing a serious threat to riparian habitats and freshwater ecosystems. Effective methods to control A. donax are tarps on a cleared giant reed field to completely cover the affected zone, rhizome removal using a modified backhoe bucket adapted to separate soil from the rhizomes, and herbicide application on leaves. The combined technique of herbicide treatment plus stem-cutting can be included in management programmes, and this technique needs to be monitored over the long term to assess its success and to ensure native species colonization and ecosystem recovery. Regarding biological control, A. donax is host to different insect species that have been released to control it in parts of its non-native range (North America) with some success. However, these different methods of control should continue to be studied, evaluating the risks posed to the environment and the control level achieved. In this context, scientific, political and administrative efforts as well as environmental education are effective assets to address the management of this invasive species.

抽象的

Arundo donax L.（禾本科）被认为是世界上入侵最严重的植物之一，在这里，我们对与了解其入侵行为有关的生物学，生态学和管理学各个方面进行了综述。本报告在一系列关于植物的入侵性植物学专着的框架内，提供了有关分类学，形态，分布，引入和传播的历史，生态学，对非生物和生物因子的响应，生物学，负面影响，管理和用途的信息。欧洲。芦undo（巨型芦苇）起源于亚洲亚热带，并在世界其他温暖地区，特别是在退化的河岸地区，具有侵入性。自古以来就被引入地中海欧洲地区的农业，水土流失控制和建筑中，现已在多个淡水生境和受干扰地区自然化。在其介绍的范围内，A。donax表现出很强的遗传均匀性，没有种子产生。这种情况在亚洲得到了逆转，那里的这个分类单元是可育的，并且在形态和遗传上是多态的。这种多年生草结合了根茎无性系生长和对多种生态条件（例如高盐度和长期干旱）的耐受性。高高的芦苇会增加着火的风险，改变河道的自然排水系统并侵入非常敏感的栖息地，对河岸栖息地和淡水生态系统构成了严重威胁。控制A.donax的有效方法是在一片清理过的巨型芦苇田上盖上油布，以完全覆盖受影响的区域，使用改良的反铲铲斗将根茎与土壤分开的改良挖土机铲除根茎，并在叶上施用除草剂。除草剂处理与切茎相结合的技术可以纳入管理计划，并且需要对该技术进行长期监控，以评估其成功并确保本地物种的定居和生态系统的恢复。关于生物防治，A。donax寄居于不同昆虫物种的寄居地，这些昆虫已被释放以控制其非本土范围（北美）的某些地区，并取得了一些成功。但是，应继续研究这些不同的控制方法，评估对环境造成的风险和达到的控制水平。在这种情况下，科学，政治和行政方面的努力以及环境教育是解决这种入侵物种问题的有效资产。