Abstract

The review discusses the possible use of morphological genetic markers in plants. Definitions and terminology of such concepts as “marker,” “phenotype,” “genotype,” “epigenotype,” and “genetic marker” are given. The properties and distinguishing features of genetic markers are given. Some mutant marker forms are described and the feasibility of creating and utilizing collections of mutant marker forms for their practical use in genetics and breeding of agricultural plants is considered. It is indicated that the main sources of genotypic variation, the basis, reflection, and manifestation of which is polymorphism, including marker polymorphism, which manifests itself not only at the morphological but also at the biochemical or molecular levels, are mutations and recombinations. The role and significance of the first phenotypic genetic markers obtained from the fruit fly Drosophila by means of experimental mutagenesis methods is noted; it allowed T. Morgan and colleagues to establish the exact location of the genes in the linkage groups and use it as a basis to create the first genetic “maps” of Drosophila chromosomes. The main disadvantages of morphological genetic markers are that they are few in number and are influenced by environmental factors or depend on the stage of development of the plant or its organ or tissue in which they are found. In addition, they do not cover the entire genome, but are located in certain genomic loci, in which the genes are concentrated. This means that it is not possible to use morphological markers that do not cover the entire genome for the purpose of genotyping or establishing genetic distances. However, despite these exceptions, morphological markers still remain a relevant and very useful scientific tool in genetic and breeding practices. Many of these markers are genetically linked to important economically significant and agronomic traits, which makes it possible to drastically reduce the cost and simplify the production of new forms significant for genetics and breeding. It is noted that the problem of genetic analysis of economically valuable traits can be a field of activity for further methodological optimization and “bridge building” between classical and molecular genetics and plant selection, as well as other biological disciplines.

中文翻译：

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植物形态遗传标记

摘要

审查讨论了形态遗传标记在植物中的可能使用。给出了诸如“标记”，“表型”，“基因型”，“表型”和“遗传标记”之类的概念的定义和术语。给出了遗​​传标记的性质和区别特征。描述了一些突变标记形式，并考虑了创建和利用突变标记形式的集合以将其实际用于农业遗传学和育种的可行性。结果表明，基因型变异的主要来源，突变，重组是基因多态性的基础，包括多态性，包括标志物多态性，不仅在形态学上而且在生物化学或分子水平上都表现出来，包括标记多态性。果蝇通过实验诱变方法被发现；它使T. Morgan及其同事能够确定基因在连接基团中的确切位置，并以此为基础来创建果蝇的第一个遗传“图谱”染色体。形态遗传标记的主要缺点是数量少且受环境因素影响或取决于发现它们的植物或其器官或组织的发育阶段。另外，它们不覆盖整个基因组，而是位于某些基因集中的基因组位点中。这意味着出于基因分型或建立遗传距离的目的，不可能使用不覆盖整个基因组的形态标记。然而，尽管有这些例外，形态标记仍然是遗传和育种实践中的一个相关且非常有用的科学工具。这些标记中有许多与重要的具有经济意义和农艺性状遗传相关，这样就可以大大降低成本，简化对遗传和育种具有重要意义的新形式的生产。需要指出的是，对具有经济价值的性状进行遗传分析的问题可能是进一步的方法优化和经典与分子遗传学与植物选择以及其他生物学科之间“桥梁搭建”的活动领域。