White mango scale, Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead (Hemiptera: Diaspididae), is one of the most damaging pests of mango crops around the world, causing conspicuous pink blemishes on ripe fruits that reduce their commercial value. This research aims to determine the seasonal trend of this invasive pest in Southern Spain as a first step to develop an integrated pest management program. Periodic sampling in two mango groves from June 2013 to December 2015 showed that A. tubercularis completed four overlapping generations annually. Pest density started to increase in spring (mid-May), reaching the highest pest population levels in summer (mid-August) and early autumn (mid-October), corresponding with the ripening and harvesting periods, respectively. Aulacaspis tubercularis was mostly found on the upper leaf surface, although the pest was also located on the lower leaf surface. Fruit became infested by crawlers of the first generation during the early fruit development period and the scale was more abundant during the ripening period. In addition, the efficacies of four reduced-risk insecticides were tested at commercially recommended field rates on nymphs and adults of A. tubercularis in mango trees. Fourteen days after the treatment, paraffin oil at 1.25% was the most effective insecticide (90.87%) for both scale stages, followed by diatomaceous earth (77.18%), azadirachtin (69.32%) and paraffin oil at 0.75% (46.24%). These results will improve field sampling protocols and facilitate the development of integrated pest management programs based on the conservation of natural enemies combined with paraffin oil applications in spring before the scales migrate to the fruit.

中文翻译：

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西班牙南部白芒果鳞片 Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead（半翅目：Diaspididae）的物候学和管理

白芒果鳞，Aulacaspis tubercularis Newstead（半翅目：Diaspididae）是世界上芒果作物中最具破坏性的害虫之一，会在成熟的果实上造成明显的粉红色瑕疵，从而降低其商业价值。这项研究旨在确定这种入侵性害虫在西班牙南部的季节性趋势，作为制定综合害虫管理计划的第一步。2013 年 6 月至 2015 年 12 月对两个芒果林的定期采样表明，结核杆菌每年完成四个重叠世代。虫害密度在春季（5 月中旬）开始增加，夏季（8 月中旬）和初秋（10 月中旬）达到最高虫害种群水平，分别与成熟期和收获期相对应。Aulacaspis tubercularis 主要分布在叶表层，虽然害虫也位于下叶表面。果实发育早期为第一代爬虫侵染，成熟期鳞片更丰富。此外，以商业推荐的田间用量对芒果树中结核杆菌的若虫和成虫测试了四种风险降低的杀虫剂的功效。处理后 14 天，1.25% 的石蜡油是两个规模阶段最有效的杀虫剂 (90.87%)，其次是硅藻土 (77.18%)、印楝素 (69.32%) 和 0.75% (46.24%) 的石蜡油。