Freshwater is a major concern in arid and semi-arid regions of the West Bank due to political conditions where the Israeli occupation controls the groundwater resources and physical drivers such as land use/land cover (LULC) changes. The Nablus Mountains region receives between 175 and 739.1 mm of annual rainfall. Hence, direct runoff is high and untapped because of surface and rainfall characteristics. This study is aimed to identify the spatial distribution of LULC changes and its impact on potential rainfall–runoff water at the sub-watershed scale for eleven main watersheds in the Nablus Mountains. Remote sensing data (Landsat 5, 7, and 8 images from 1984, 2000, and 2016, respectively) were employed to detect and measure LULC changes. Geographic information systems (GIS) and soil conservation service curve number (SCS-CN) methods were employed to calculate the potential runoff of 487 rainy days (2008–2018). Seven LULC classes were identified using the supervised classification method in GIS (10.5). The findings of this study revealed an increase of 116%, 22%, and 8% in urban areas, bare lands, and agriculture areas, respectively, and a decrease of 14% and 22% in pastures areas, and forests, respectively, between 1984 and 2016. Furthermore, there was a significant increase of 5.8% in the potential annual runoff between 1984 and 2016 due to LULC changes which is around 7.8 M3M. The runoff estimation model indicated that the upstream sub-watersheds of Qana, Dair-Balout, and Zoumar watersheds are highly suitable locations for rainwater harvesting and flash floods mitigating projects.

中文翻译：

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土地利用\土地覆盖变化对巴勒斯坦纳布卢斯山脉流域估计潜在径流的影响：案例研究

由于以色列占领控制地下水资源的政治条件和土地利用/土地覆盖 (LULC) 变化等物理驱动因素，淡水是西岸干旱和半干旱地区的主要问题。纳布卢斯山脉地区的年降雨量在 175 至 739.1 毫米之间。因此，由于地表和降雨特性，直接径流很高且未开发。本研究旨在确定纳布卢斯山脉 11 个主要流域的 LULC 变化的空间分布及其对子流域尺度的潜在降雨-径流水的影响。遥感数据（分别来自 1984、2000 和 2016 年的 Landsat 5、7 和 8 图像）用于检测和测量 LULC 变化。采用地理信息系统（GIS）和土壤保持服务曲线数（SCS-CN）方法计算了487个雨天（2008-2018）的潜在径流。使用 GIS (10.5) 中的监督分类方法确定了七个 LULC 类。本研究结果显示，城市地区、裸地和农业区分别增加了 116%、22% 和 8%，牧场区和森林分别减少了 14% 和 22%。 1984 年和 2016 年。此外，由于 LULC 变化约为 7.8 M3M，1984 年和 2016 年之间的潜在年度径流显着增加了 5.8%。径流估算模型表明，Qana、Dair-Balout、