Key experimental studies (mainly pulse heating) aimed at obtaining the physical properties of the most refractory substance — graphite — in the temperature range of 2000–8000 K are discussed. The properties considered are enthalpy, input (Joule) energy, thermal expansion, specific heat, and electrical resistance, as well as their dependence on the level of applied pressure. The results obtained by pulsed current heating and laser pulse heating are compared. An abnormally high specific heat just before the melting point is recorded under fast (during microseconds) heating of graphite. These effects are presumably associated with the appearance of nonequilibrium defects. A connection between these anomalies and the explosive electron emission is noted.

讨论了旨在获得 2000-8000 K 温度范围内最耐火物质——石墨的物理性质的关键实验研究（主要是脉冲加热）。考虑的属性是焓、输入（焦耳）能量、热膨胀、比热和电阻，以及它们对施加压力水平的依赖性。比较了脉冲电流加热和激光脉冲加热得到的结果。在石墨的快速（微秒期间）加热下记录到熔点之前异常高的比热。这些影响可能与非平衡缺陷的出现有关。注意到这些异常与爆炸性电子发射之间的联系。