Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) have significantly improved the patients’ quality of life by restoring damaged hearing, sight, and movement capabilities. After evolving their application scenarios, the current trend of BCI is to enable new innovative brain-to-brain and brain-to-the-Internet communication paradigms. This technological advancement generates opportunities for attackers, since users’ personal information and physical integrity could be under tremendous risk. This work presents the existing versions of the BCI life-cycle and homogenizes them in a new approach that overcomes current limitations. After that, we offer a qualitative characterization of the security attacks affecting each phase of the BCI cycle to analyze their impacts and countermeasures documented in the literature. Finally, we reflect on lessons learned, highlighting research trends and future challenges concerning security on BCIs.

中文翻译：

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脑机接口的安全性

脑机接口 (BCI) 通过恢复受损的听力、视力和运动能力，显着提高了患者的生活质量。在演进应用场景之后，BCI 的当前趋势是启用新的创新脑对脑和脑对互联网通信范式。这种技术进步为攻击者创造了机会，因为用户的个人信息和身体完整性可能面临巨大风险。这项工作展示了 BCI 生命周期的现有版本，并以一种克服当前限制的新方法将它们同质化。之后，我们对影响 BCI 周期每个阶段的安全攻击进行定性描述，以分析文献中记录的它们的影响和对策。最后，我们反思经验教训，