The global warming-driven climate change is becoming a major challenge for rice cultivation in Asia and Africa. High-temperature stress impairs the physiology and growth of rice plant, and ultimately results in reduced grain yield. This study was aimed to decipher the physiological and molecular changes occurring during different growth stages of heat-tolerant (N22) and -susceptible (Vandana) rice cultivars under three different heat treatments. Chlorophyll content, membrane integrity, gas exchange parameters and expression of genes and miRNAs were analyzed in N22 and Vandana at seedling, vegetative, and reproductive growth stages after exposing to short and long duration of high temperature stress, and recovery. A number of genes and miRNAs showed dynamic changes in their expression patterns at different growth stages and heat treatments, highlighting the necessity to understand gene regulation before employing the genes for modification through transgenic or gene editing approaches. Predominantly N22 showed distinct and unique capability to reprogram its physiological and molecular machinery during prolonged heat stress at reproductive stage, suggesting that the dynamics in gene regulation is crucial to determine its heat tolerant ability. The study has larger implications in deploying genes for the development of heat tolerant rice cultivars through breeding, transgenic, and genome editing approaches.

中文翻译：

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不同生长阶段和热处理中基因和 microRNAs 在对比高温响应基因型中的表达动态

全球变暖导致的气候变化正在成为亚洲和非洲水稻种植的主要挑战。高温胁迫损害水稻植株的生理和生长，最终导致粮食产量下降。本研究旨在解读在三种不同热处理条件下耐热（N22）和易感（Vandana）水稻品种在不同生长阶段发生的生理和分子变化。在暴露于短期和长期高温胁迫和恢复后，在幼苗、营养和生殖生长阶段对 N22 和 Vandana 中的叶绿素含量、膜完整性、气体交换参数以及基因和 miRNA 的表达进行了分析。许多基因和miRNA在不同的生长阶段和热处理过程中表现出其表达模式的动态变化，强调在通过转基因或基因编辑方法使用基因进行修饰之前了解基因调控的必要性。主要是 N22 在生殖阶段的长期热应激期间显示出独特而独特的重新编程其生理和分子机制的能力，这表明基因调控的动态对于确定其耐热能力至关重要。该研究在通过育种、转基因和基因组编辑方法部署基因以开发耐热水稻品种方面具有更大的意义。主要是 N22 在生殖阶段的长期热应激期间显示出独特而独特的重新编程其生理和分子机制的能力，这表明基因调控的动态对于确定其耐热能力至关重要。该研究在通过育种、转基因和基因组编辑方法部署基因以开发耐热水稻品种方面具有更大的意义。主要是 N22 在生殖阶段的长期热应激期间显示出独特而独特的重新编程其生理和分子机制的能力，这表明基因调控的动态对于确定其耐热能力至关重要。该研究在通过育种、转基因和基因组编辑方法部署基因以开发耐热水稻品种方面具有更大的意义。