Vaccination is effective in preventing human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It is imperative to investigate who should be vaccinated and what the best vaccine distribution strategy is. In this paper, we use a dynamic model to assess HPV vaccination strategies in a heterosexual population combined with gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM). The basic reproduction numbers for heterosexual females, heterosexual males and MSM as well as their average for the total population are obtained. We also derive a threshold parameter, based on basic reproduction numbers, for model analysis. From the analysis and numerical investigations, we have several conclusions. (1) To eliminate HPV infection, the priority of vaccination should be given to MSM, especially in countries that have already achieved high coverage in females. The heterosexual population gets great benefit but MSM only get minor benefit from vaccinating heterosexual females or males. (2) The best vaccination strategy is to vaccinate MSM firstly as many as possible, then heterosexual females, lastly heterosexual males. (3) Given a fixed vaccination coverage of MSM, distributing the remaining vaccines to only heterosexual females or males leads to a similar prevalence in the total population. This prevalence is lower than that when vaccines are distributed to both genders. The evener the distribution, the higher the prevalence in the total population. (4) Vaccination becomes less effective in reducing the prevalence as more vaccines are given. It is more effective to allocate vaccines to a region with lower vaccination coverage. This study provides information that may help policymakers formulate guidelines for vaccine distribution to reduce HPV prevalence on the basis of vaccine availability and prior vaccination coverage. Whether these guidelines are affected when the objective is to reduce HPV-associated cancer incidence remains to be further studied.

中文翻译：

---

在异性恋人群中评估人乳头瘤病毒疫苗接种策略的动态模型以及男男性行为者

接种疫苗可有效预防人乳头瘤病毒 (HPV) 感染。必须调查谁应该接种疫苗以及最佳的疫苗分发策略是什么。在本文中，我们使用动态模型来评估异性恋人群中的 HPV 疫苗接种策略，该人群包括男同性恋、双性恋和其他男男性行为者 (MSM)。获得了异性恋女性、异性恋男性和 MSM 的基本繁殖数以及它们在总人口中的平均值。我们还根据基本繁殖数推导出阈值参数，用于模型分析。从分析和数值研究中，我们有几个结论。(1) 为消除HPV感染，应优先为MSM接种疫苗，特别是在女性已经实现高覆盖率的国家。异性恋人群受益匪浅，但 MSM 只能从异性恋女性或男性接种疫苗中获得微不足道的好处。(2) 最好的疫苗接种策略是首先接种尽可能多的 MSM，然后是异性恋女性，最后是异性恋男性。(3) 给定 MSM 的固定疫苗接种覆盖率，将剩余的疫苗仅分发给异性恋女性或男性会导致总人口中相似的流行率。这一流行率低于向两性分发疫苗时的流行率。分布越均匀，总人口中的患病率越高。(4) 随着接种的疫苗数量增多，接种疫苗在降低流行率方面的效果会降低。将疫苗分配到疫苗接种覆盖率较低的地区更为有效。本研究提供的信息可能有助于政策制定者制定疫苗分发指南，以根据疫苗可用性和先前的疫苗接种覆盖率降低 HPV 流行率。当目标是降低 HPV 相关癌症的发生率时，这些指南是否会受到影响仍有待进一步研究。