Abstract

Lead (Pb) is ubiquitous in our environment and causes many pathophysiological health effects, including dental diseases. Dental Pb levels are considered good biological indicators of environmental and occupational Pb exposure. Pb in blood and saliva causes imbalances in the growth of oral microflora. The pH of saliva decreases, interferes with and interacts with bone-seeking elements, changes oral inflammatory parameters, generates reactive oxygen species, causes oxidative damage, and delays the mineralization process, leading to dental diseases. Pb's dental diseases include periodontitis, enamel lesions and defects, fluorosis, Burton's line, and tooth loss. Environmental and physiological factors, including age, gender, tooth type and position, pregnancy and lactation, eating and drinking habits, smoking habits, and exposures from Pb-contaminated residential and occupational areas, affect the distribution of Pb in blood, bone, and saliva, which contributes to dental diseases. However, living and working in Pb free areas can prevent environmental and occupational Pb exposure. Healthy lifestyles and eating habits, prohibiting smoking and alcohol drinking, further help prevent Pb exposure. Also, the fluoridation of water, salt, and milk provide nutritional supplements of trace elements, which can help prevent teeth from absorbing Pb from the environment, thereby reducing the risk of dental diseases.

摘要

铅 (Pb) 在我们的环境中无处不在，会导致许多病理生理健康影响，包括牙科疾病。牙科铅水平被认为是环境和职业铅暴露的良好生物指标。血液和唾液中的铅会导致口腔微生物群落的生长失衡。唾液的 pH 值降低，干扰并与寻骨元素相互作用，改变口腔炎症参数，产生活性氧，引起氧化损伤，并延迟矿化过程，导致牙齿疾病。铅的牙齿疾病包括牙周炎、牙釉质病变和缺陷、氟中毒、伯顿氏线和牙齿脱落。环境和生理因素，包括年龄、性别、牙齿类型和位置、怀孕和哺乳期、饮食习惯、吸烟习惯、来自受铅污染的住宅区和职业区的暴露会影响铅在血液、骨骼和唾液中的分布，从而导致牙齿疾病。然而，在无铅地区生活和工作可以防止环境和职业铅暴露。健康的生活方式和饮食习惯，禁止吸烟和饮酒，进一步有助于防止接触铅。此外，水、盐和牛奶的氟化提供了微量元素的营养补充，有助于防止牙齿从环境中吸收铅，从而降低患牙病的风险。健康的生活方式和饮食习惯，禁止吸烟和饮酒，进一步有助于防止接触铅。此外，水、盐和牛奶的氟化提供了微量元素的营养补充，有助于防止牙齿从环境中吸收铅，从而降低患牙病的风险。健康的生活方式和饮食习惯，禁止吸烟和饮酒，进一步有助于防止接触铅。此外，水、盐和牛奶的氟化提供了微量元素的营养补充，有助于防止牙齿从环境中吸收铅，从而降低患牙病的风险。