Abstract

The development of suitable catalysts that have high activity, abundant efficiency, and easy recovery as well as lesser ecological contamination suitable for various industrial processes is the rising area concerning green chemical processes. In recent times, solid heterogeneous catalysts with several industrial applications have attracted widespread attention because of characteristics like simple synthesis processes, even pore size distribution, large specific surface area, and high alkalinity. Solid base catalysts include metal oxides, zeolites, supported alkali metal compounds, clay minerals, waste solid base catalysts, mesoporous solid base catalysts, etc. They can be synthesized by using precipitation, co-precipitation, sol-gel, hydrothermal, impregnation, vapor phase deposition, and sonochemical methods which are thoroughly discussed in this paper. There has been tremendous development in characterization techniques for the solid base catalysts such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Energy dispersive spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller technique, Barrett-Joyner-Halenda method, etc. which are briefly explored. Various industrial processes catalyzed by solid base catalysts dehydration, condensation, isomerization, alkylation, polymerization, hydrogenation, esterification, and amination are also discussed in this paper.

摘要

开发适用于各种工业过程的活性高、效率高、易回收、生态污染少的催化剂是绿色化工过程的新兴领域。近年来，具有多种工业应用的固体多相催化剂因其合成工艺简单、孔径分布均匀、比表面积大、碱度高等特点而引起了广泛关注。固体碱催化剂包括金属氧化物、沸石、负载型碱金属化合物、粘土矿物、废固体碱催化剂、介孔固体碱催化剂等。可采用沉淀法、共沉淀法、溶胶-凝胶法、水热法、浸渍法、气相法合成。相沉积，和声化学方法，在本文中进行了深入讨论。固体碱催化剂的表征技术已经取得了巨大的发展，例如傅里叶变换红外光谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、能量色散光谱、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller技术， Barrett-Joyner-Halenda 等方法进行了简要探讨。本文还讨论了固体碱催化剂脱水、缩合、异构化、烷基化、聚合、氢化、酯化和胺化等各种工业过程。简要探讨了X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、能量色散光谱、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller技术、Barrett-Joyner-Halenda方法等。本文还讨论了固体碱催化剂脱水、缩合、异构化、烷基化、聚合、氢化、酯化和胺化等各种工业过程。简要探讨了X射线光电子能谱、扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜、能量色散光谱、Brunauer-Emmett-Teller技术、Barrett-Joyner-Halenda方法等。本文还讨论了固体碱催化剂脱水、缩合、异构化、烷基化、聚合、氢化、酯化和胺化等各种工业过程。