A systematic review was undertaken to evaluate studies on the effects of theophylline and theobromine on exercise performance in normal (healthy) subjects. Theophylline was found to have been studied on eight occasions and theobromine on one, the number of subjects per study ranging from seven to 15. In two exercise investigations, theophylline was superior to placebo at a p < 0.05 level and no different in four including one that was conducted in artificial hypoxia. In a treadmill time trial over 3 km, theobromine was superior to placebo and equal to caffeine, at the <0.05 level. In strength studies, theophylline increased wrist strength in one and showed a slight but not statistically significant increase in limb strength in four of the seven subjects in the other. Theophylline caused adverse effects in six participants. There were no adverse effects in the theobromine investigation. Although the studies showed contradicting results and/or insufficient data to draw solid conclusions, it appears both drugs have potential to enhance performance and could be considered for inclusion on the WADA banned list.

中文翻译：

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茶碱和可可碱对运动表现的影响及其对竞赛运动的影响：系统评价

进行了一项系统评价，以评估关于茶碱和可可碱对正常（健康）受试者运动表现影响的研究。茶碱被研究了八次，可可碱被研究了一次，每项研究的受试者数量从 7 到 15 不等。在两项运动调查中，茶碱在p 上优于安慰剂< 0.05 水平，包括在人工缺氧条件下进行的一项在内的四种情况均无差异。在超过 3 公里的跑步机计时试验中，可可碱在 <0.05 的水平上优于安慰剂并与咖啡因相同。在力量研究中，茶碱增加了一个人的手腕力量，并在另一名七名受试者中的四名中显示出轻微但没有统计学意义的肢体力量增加。茶碱对六名参与者造成不良影响。在可可碱的调查中没有不良反应。尽管研究显示出相互矛盾的结果和/或数据不足，无法得出可靠的结论，但这两种药物似乎都有提高性能的潜力，可以考虑列入 WADA 禁用清单。