Biogas upgrading to biomethane is a feasible option for greening the European energy sector, and specifically transport. Bio-CNG and bio-LNG fuels are considered a valid solutions for freight, and the European biomethane sector displays an interesting production potential, supported by a growing demand. A key asset for sector deployment is represented by an appropriate refuelling infrastructure.

To promote alternative fuels in the EU, Member States have been adopting national policy frameworks (NPFs), setting targets for 2020–2030. This work aims to investigate how bottlenecks, such as infrastructure fragmentation, can hamper the diffusion of alternative fuels. The NPFs analysis reveals divergent countries' expectations for natural gas in transport, leading to a possible infrastructure fragmentation.

Pushing biomethane to decarbonise transport requires a careful assessment: while it can potentially reduce GHG emissions, it can also trigger fugitive emissions, e.g. through gas transport and combustion, thus compromising the advantages. Additionally, current high costs can restrain a larger diffusion of this alternative fuel.

This study highlights the need of a policy perspective aiming to target a synchronised deployment of CNG and LNG vehicles, related refuelling infrastructure and bio-CNG/LNG production. This is paramount to prevent the infrastructure from becoming a barrier to the development of biomethane, at least as in the short-to medium-term.

将沼气升级为生物甲烷是使欧洲能源部门，特别是交通运输绿色化的可行选择。生物-​​CNG和生物-LNG燃料被认为是货运的有效解决方案，在需求增长的支持下，欧洲生物甲烷部门显示出令人感兴趣的生产潜力。适当的加油基础设施是部门部署的关键资产。

为了在欧盟促进替代燃料，成员国一直在采用国家政策框架（NPF），为2020-2030年设定目标。这项工作旨在研究瓶颈（例如基础设施分散）如何阻碍替代燃料的扩散。NPFs分析显示，不同国家对运输天然气的期望不同，从而可能导致基础设施分散。

推动生物甲烷脱碳运输需要进行仔细的评估：尽管它可以潜在地减少温室气体排放，但它也可以触发逃逸性排放，例如通过气体运输和燃烧，从而损害了优势。另外，当前的高成本可以限制这种替代燃料的更大扩散。

这项研究强调了政策观点的需要，旨在针对CNG和LNG车辆，相关的加油基础设施以及生物CNG / LNG生产的同步部署。至少在短期到中期，这对于防止基础设施成为发展生物甲烷的障碍至关重要。