Amphioxus, one of the most closely related invertebrates to vertebrates, is an important animal model for studying the origin and evolution of vertebrate immunity, especially the transition from innate immunity to adaptive immunity. The current research progresses of amphioxus in the field of immune organs, immune cells, complement system, cytokines, nuclear factor kappa B, immune-related lectins and enzymes are summarized, and some issues that remain to be understood or are in need of further clarification are highlighted. We hope to provide references for more in-depth study of the amphioxus immune system and lay a solid foundation for the construction of three-dimensional immune network in amphioxus from ontogeny to phylogeny.

文昌鱼是与脊椎动物关系最密切的无脊椎动物之一，是研究脊椎动物免疫起源和进化，特别是从先天免疫向适应性免疫转变的重要动物模型。总结了文昌鱼目前在免疫器官、免疫细胞、补体系统、细胞因子、核因子κB、免疫相关凝集素和酶领域的研究进展，以及一些有待了解或需要进一步阐明的问题被突出显示。希望为文昌鱼免疫系统的更深入研究提供参考，为文昌鱼从个体发育到系统发育的三维免疫网络构建奠定坚实的基础。