Defects are conventionally considered as the active sites in heptazine-based polymer melon (also known as graphitic carbon nitride, g-C3N4) for photocatalysis and are rationally incorporated for improving the intrinsic photocatalytic ability. The rise of group functionalized g-C3N4 based on defect engineering has set off a new wave of research in recent years, especially in photocatalysis. In this review, the recent process in functional group defect strategies to design high-efficiency g-C3N4-based photocatalysts, including cyanamide/cyano moiety, urea group, oxygen-containing groups (—OH, —COOH), and aromatic motifs, has been strictly analyzed so as to inspire critical thinking about the efficient methodology for the rational design of polymeric photocatalysts. The applications of the group functionalized g-C3N4 in photocatalytic water splitting, CO2 reduction, H2 evolution, ammonia synthesis, H2O2 production, and disinfection are summarized. The current challenges and future promising applications of the group functionalized g-C3N4 materials for advanced catalysts are also discussed.

中文翻译：

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用于光催化应用的聚合氮化碳中的官能团缺陷设计

缺陷通常被认为是用于光催化的庚嗪基聚合物甜瓜（也称为石墨碳氮化物，g-C3N4）中的活性位点，并被合理地引入以提高固有的光催化能力。近年来，基于缺陷工程的基团官能化g-C3N4的兴起掀起了新的研究热潮，尤其是在光催化方面。在这篇综述中，设计高效 g-C3N4 基光催化剂的官能团缺陷策略的最新过程，包括氰胺/氰基部分、尿素基团、含氧基团（-OH、-COOH）和芳香基团，已经严格分析以激发对合理设计聚合物光催化剂的有效方法的批判性思考。基团官能化g-C3N4在光催化分解水中的应用，总结了 CO2 还原、H2 析出、氨合成、H2O2 生产和消毒。还讨论了用于先进催化剂的组官能化 g-C3N4 材料当前的挑战和未来有希望的应用。