We integrate social cognitive theory, and its tenets of personal and collective agency, to develop an individual-level perspective on entrepreneurs' resourcefulness behaviors that illustrates how resourcefulness behaviors can be classified as ‘self-reliant behaviors’ or ‘joint resourcefulness behaviors’. Using this novel cognitive theoretical approach, we provide and test a framework that explains how dispositional, perceptual, and behavioral factors interact in the enactment of purposeful action with regards to entrepreneurs' resourceful behaviors. Consistent with our hypotheses, results from a quantitative study of entrepreneurs (N = 178), as well as a supplemental study involving qualitative interviews with entrepreneurs (N = 15), highlight that entrepreneurs higher in frugality tend to perceive higher levels of environmental hostility. This relationship, in turn, leads to higher amounts of self-reliant resourcefulness behaviors (i.e., customer-related and internal self-financing bootstrapping behaviors) but not joint resourcefulness behaviors. Multiple theoretical and practical contributions emerge from our findings as the extant literature does not yet account for human agency as a reason why some entrepreneurs may choose to engage in certain resourceful behaviors relative to other behaviors.

我们整合了社会认知理论及其个人和集体能动性原则，从个体层面对企业家的智谋行为进行了阐述，以说明智谋行为如何被归类为“自力更生行为”或“联合智谋行为”。使用这种新颖的认知理论方法，我们提供并测试了一个框架，该框架解释了性格、知觉和行为因素如何在制定与企业家足智多谋的行为有关的有目的的行动中相互作用。与我们的假设一致，企业家定量研究的结果 ( N  = 178)，以及涉及企业家定性访谈的补充研究 ( N = 15)，强调节俭程度较高的企业家往往认为环境敌意程度较高。反过来，这种关系会导致更多的自力更生行为（即与客户相关和内部自筹资金的引导行为），但不会导致联合智谋行为。我们的发现产生了多种理论和实践贡献，因为现有文献尚未将人类能动性解释为某些企业家可能选择从事与其他行为相关的某些足智多谋行为的原因。