The Ca–Pb electrode couple is considered to be one of the least expensive (∼36 $/(kW h)) among various optional materials for liquid–metal batteries (LMBs). The electrochemical properties of Ca–Pb alloy in a Ca∣LiCl–NaCl–CaCl₂∣Pb cell were investigated in this paper. The electrode potential maintained a linear relationship in the current density range of 50–200 mA cm^-2, which indicates that the alloying and dealloying processes of Ca with Pb attained rapid charge transfer and mass transport in the interface between the liquid electrode and electrolyte. The Ca–Pb electrode exhibited remarkable properties with a high discharge voltage of 0.6 V, a small self-discharge current density (<2 mA cm^-2 at 600°C), and a high coulombic efficiency (>98.84%). The postmortem analysis showed that intermetallics CaPb₃ and CaPb were uniformly distributed in the electrode with different molar fractions of Ca, which indicates that the nucleation of solid intermetallics did not hinder the diffusion of Ca in the electrode. This investigation on Ca–Pb electrode sheds light on the further research and the design of electrodes for Ca-based LMBs.

在液态金属电池（LMB）的各种可选材料中，Ca-Pb电极对被认为是最便宜的（约36 $ /（kW h））之一。本文研究了Ca∣LiCl–NaCl–CaCl ₂ ∣Pb电池中Ca–Pb合金的电化学性能。电极电位在50–200 mA cm ^-2的电流密度范围内保持线性关系，这表明Ca与Pb的合金化和脱合金过程在液体电极与电解质之间的界面中实现了快速的电荷转移和质量传递。Ca–Pb电极具有出色的性能，具有0.6 V的高放电电压，小的自放电电流密度（<2 mA cm ^-2在600°C下）和高库仑效率（> 98.84％）。事后分析表明，金属间化合物CaPb ₃和CaPb在Ca摩尔分数不同的情况下均匀地分布在电极中，这表明固体金属间化合物的成核并不妨碍Ca在电极中的扩散。对Ca-Pb电极的研究为基于Ca的LMBs的电极的进一步研究和设计提供了参考。