Electric Vehicle (EV) public charging is important to meet the exploding charging demand and to address the range anxiety issue. In this paper, we focus on the EV public charging market with heterogeneous charging stations (CSs) under the time-based billing model. We jointly consider the charging time optimization for EVs, the EV-CS pairing, and the pricing mechanism for CSs. A hierarchical game, which mathematically corresponds to an equilibrium problem with equilibrium constraints (EPEC), is then developed to formulate the three coupled problems. In the proposed hierarchical game, each CS sets the charging price to maximize its own revenue first, then the EVs choose their desired CSs and determine the charging time. We analyze the optimal charging time strategies for EVs, and a many-to-one matching algorithm is applied to solve the EV-CS pairing problem. Besides, a block coordinate descent (BCD) based algorithm is applied for each CS to solve the pricing problem. Simulation results show that our proposed schemes can achieve the performance improvement of the charging system.

中文翻译：

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基于时间计费模型的网络化电动汽车公共充电分层博弈

电动汽车 (EV) 公共充电对于满足爆炸式充电需求和解决里程焦虑问题非常重要。在本文中，我们专注于基于时间的计费模型下具有异构充电站（CS）的电动汽车公共充电市场。我们共同考虑了 EV 的充电时间优化、EV-CS 配对和 CS 的定价机制。然后开发了一个分层游戏，它在数学上对应于具有均衡约束 (EPEC) 的均衡问题，以公式化这三个耦合问题。在提出的分层博弈中，每个 CS 首先设定充电价格以最大化自己的收入，然后 EV 选择他们想要的 CS 并确定充电时间。我们分析了电动汽车的最佳充电时间策略，并应用多对一匹配算法解决EV-CS配对问题。此外，对每个 CS 应用基于块坐标下降 (BCD) 的算法来解决定价问题。仿真结果表明，我们提出的方案可以实现充电系统的性能提升。