The use of haptic technology has recently become essential in Human-Computer Interaction to improve performance and user experience. Mid-air tactile feedback co-located with virtual touchscreen displays have a great potential to improve the performance in dual-task situations, such as when using a phone while walking or driving. The purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of augmenting virtual touchscreen with mid-air tactile feedback to improve dual-task performance where the primary task is driving in a simulation environment and the secondary task involves interacting with a virtual touchscreen. Performance metrics included primary task performance in terms of velocity error, deviation from the middle of the road, number of collisions, and the number of off-road glances, secondary task performance including the interaction time and the reach time, and quality of user experience for perceived difficulty and satisfaction. Results demonstrate that adding mid-air tactile feedback to virtual touchscreen resulted in statistically significant improvement in the primary task performance (the average speed error, spatial deviation, and the number of off-road glances), the secondary task (reach time), and the perceived difficulty. These results provide a great motivation for augmenting virtual touchscreens with mid-air tactile feedback in dual-task human-computer interaction applications.

中文翻译：

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与虚拟触摸屏并置的空中触觉反馈可提高双任务性能

触觉技术的使用最近在人机交互中变得必不可少，以提高性能和用户体验。与虚拟触摸屏显示器并置的空中触觉反馈具有提高双任务情况下的性能的巨大潜力，例如在步行或驾驶时使用手机时。本文的目的是研究通过空中触觉反馈增强虚拟触摸屏的效果，以提高双任务性能，其中主要任务是在模​​拟环境中驾驶，次要任务涉及与虚拟触摸屏交互。性能指标包括速度误差、与道路中间的偏差、碰撞次数和越野扫视次数等主要任务性能，次要任务性能，包括交互时间和到达时间，以及感知难度和满意度的用户体验质量。结果表明，将空中触觉反馈添加到虚拟触摸屏可显着改善主要任务性能（平均速度误差、空间偏差和越野扫视次数）、次要任务（到达时间）和感知的困难。这些结果为在双任务人机交互应用中增强具有空中触觉反馈的虚拟触摸屏提供了很大的动力。结果表明，将空中触觉反馈添加到虚拟触摸屏可显着改善主要任务性能（平均速度误差、空间偏差和越野扫视次数）、次要任务（到达时间）和感知的困难。这些结果为在双任务人机交互应用中增强具有空中触觉反馈的虚拟触摸屏提供了很大的动力。结果表明，将空中触觉反馈添加到虚拟触摸屏可显着改善主要任务性能（平均速度误差、空间偏差和越野扫视次数）、次要任务（到达时间）和感知的困难。这些结果为在双任务人机交互应用中增强具有空中触觉反馈的虚拟触摸屏提供了很大的动力。