The analysis of urinary volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a promising field of research with the potential to discover new biomarkers for cancer early detection. This systematic review aims to summarise the published literature concerning cancer-associated urinary VOCs. A systematic online literature search was conducted to identify studies reporting urinary VOC biomarkers of cancers in accordance with the recommendations of the Cochrane Library and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. Thirteen studies comprising 1266 participants in total were included in the review. Studies reported urinary VOC profiles of five cancer subtypes: prostate cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, leukaemia/lymphoma, lung cancer, and bladder cancer. Forty-eight urinary VOCs belonging to eleven chemical classes were identified with high diagnostic performance. VOC profiles were distinctive for each cancer type with limited cross-over. The metabolic analysis suggested distinctive phenotypes for prostate and gastrointestinal cancers. The heterogenicity of study design, methodological and reporting quality may have contributed to inconsistencies between studies. Urinary VOC analysis has shown promising performance for non-invasive diagnosis of cancer. However, limitations in study design have resulted in inconsistencies between studies. These limitations are summarised and discussed in order to support future studies.

中文翻译：

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用于诊断癌症的尿液挥发性有机化合物分析：系统文献综述和质量评估


尿液挥发性有机化合物 (VOC) 的分析是一个很有前景的研究领域，有可能发现用于癌症早期检测的新生物标志物。本系统综述旨在总结有关癌症相关尿液 VOC 的已发表文献。根据 Cochrane 图书馆和流行病学观察研究荟萃分析 (MOOSE) 指南的建议，进行了系统的在线文献检索，以确定报告癌症尿液 VOC 生物标志物的研究。该评价纳入了 13 项研究，共有 1266 名参与者。研究报告了五种癌症亚型的尿液 VOC 特征：前列腺癌、胃肠癌、白血病/淋巴瘤、肺癌和膀胱癌。鉴定出属于 11 个化学类别的 48 种尿液 VOC，具有较高的诊断性能。每种癌症类型的 VOC 特征各不相同，交叉有限。代谢分析表明前列腺癌和胃肠道癌具有独特的表型。研究设计、方法和报告质量的异质性可能导致研究之间的不一致。尿液 VOC 分析在癌症的非侵入性诊断方面显示出良好的性能。然而，研究设计的局限性导致研究之间存在不一致。对这些局限性进行了总结和讨论，以支持未来的研究。