Demographic data show booming metropolitan populations and the related rapid spread of urbanized areas. Cities already harbor numerous diverse habitats, including gardens, varying greatly both in terms of floristics and architectural attributes. The way gardens are designed and managed is of crucial importance for the birds associated with them. The present work provides a comprehensive overview of garden features, which were used in cluster analysis to distinguish several garden types. The birds occurring in gardens located on the outskirts of the city in southern Poland were analyzed in three phenological periods (breeding season, autumn, winter).

Depending on garden type, bird density ranged from 10.8 to 57.4 breeding pairs per ha, with 0.8–8.3 species per garden. The species similarity Jaccard index of bird assemblages was from 0.10 to 0.75. The evenness index revealed some garden types with very even species distributions, as well as some types that were strongly dominated by a single species. Garden features also affected proportions between groups of species with different nesting preferences (cavity nesters, canopy nesters, birds nesting in building, and those nesting in shrubs and near the ground). The function of gardens as food sources increased from spring to winter. The garden attributes that significantly affected the occurrence of breeding birds were high tree density and hedges, building walls and attics available for birds, as well the presence of chicken coops. In terms of feeding, of importance was not only lush vegetation, but also places where different types of food were provided for birds, poultry, and domestic and farm animals.

As the unfolding changes in urban and suburban areas are likely to result in the disappearance of some garden features and the associated niches, it will be necessary to compensate for them with a view to conserving bird species such as the house sparrow. To that end, appropriate educational and advisory programs should be offered to garden owners.

人口统计数据显示，大城市人口激增，相关的城市化区域迅速蔓延。城市已经拥有众多多样的生境，包括花园，无论是植物种类还是建筑属性，其变化都很大。花园的设计和管理方式对于与之相关的鸟类至关重要。本工作提供了花园特征的全面概述，这些特征在聚类分析中用于区分几种花园类型。在三个物候期（繁殖季节，秋季，冬季）对波兰南部城市郊区花园中出现的鸟类进行了分析。

根据花园类型的不同，鸟类密度从每公顷10.8至57.4个繁殖对不等，每个花园有0.8–8.3种。鸟类组合的物种相似性Jaccard指数为0.10至0.75。均匀度指数显示了一些具有非常均匀物种分布的花园类型，以及一些以单一物种为主导的类型。园林特征还影响了具有不同嵌套偏好的物种组之间的比例（空腔嵌套，树冠嵌套，在建筑物中嵌套的鸟类以及在灌木和地面附近嵌套的鸟类）。从春季到冬季，花园作为食物来源的功能有所增加。显着影响种禽繁殖的花园属性是高树密度和绿篱，可用于鸟类的建筑物墙壁和阁楼，以及鸡舍的存在。

由于城市和郊区不断变化的变化很可能导致某些花园特征和相关的生态位消失，因此有必要对其进行补偿，以保护诸如麻雀之类的鸟类。为此，应向花园所有者提供适当的教育和咨询计划。