In order to identify the reliability and validity of the different visual approaches in assessing landscape perception and preference, off-site surveys with photo elicitation and virtual reality and on-site surveys of urban green spaces were conducted under certain conditions across four seasons and with different selections of participants as an experimental design. Nonparametric tests (Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests) and the Generalized Linear Model have been respectively applied to identify the differences among visual approaches. The results showed: (1) landscape perception and preference through on-site and off-site (photo elicitation and virtual reality) approaches were significantly different, and virtual reality was more consistent with on-site survey. (2) Season significantly influenced on-site and off-site visual strategies but experimental design did not. (3) The preferences for urban green spaces with different vegetation structure were significantly influenced by three visual approaches under different seasons. The three visual approaches were significantly different except for perception of open green space in winter and closed green space in autumn. It is suggested in practice that for open green space, photo elicitation could replace on-site survey particularly in autumn and winter; virtual reality could replace on-site survey in semi-open green space in any season and all green spaces in winter; and photo elicitation could replace virtual reality in winter. The results can provide scientific support for obtaining more accurate assessments of landscape perception and preference in the future.

为了确定评估景观感知和偏好的不同视觉方法的可靠性和有效性，在四个季节的不同条件下，在不同条件下进行了带照片启发和虚拟现实的异地调查以及城市绿地的实地调查。选择参与者作为实验设计。非参数检验（Kruskal-Wallis和Mann-Whitney检验）和广义线性模型已分别应用于识别视觉方法之间的差异。结果表明：（1）通过现场和非现场（照片启发和虚拟现实）方法对景观的感知和偏好存在显着差异，虚拟现实与现场调查更加一致。（2）季节明显影响了现场和非现场视觉策略，但实验设计没有影响。（3）不同季节下三种视觉方法对具有不同植被结构的城市绿地的偏好产生了显着影响。三种视觉方法的区别很大，除了在冬天感知开放的绿色空间和在秋天感知封闭的绿色空间。在实践中建议，对于开放的绿色空间，尤其是在秋冬季节，照片激发可以代替现场勘测。虚拟现实可以在任何季节取代半开放式绿色空间中的现场调查，而在冬季则可以代替所有绿色空间中的现场调查；照片诱因可以在冬天取代虚拟现实。