Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a collection of extracellular molecules secreted by cells, providing structural and biochemical support for surrounding tissues. The ECM exerts biological effects by interacting with growth factors, signal receptors or adhesion molecules. In the case of myelin formation and regeneration, the combination of ECM and its receptors (for example, integrins) modulates signaling pathways such as PI3K, MAPK, etc., which in turn induces complex biological effects throughout various stages of myelination and regeneration. Studies have also found that myelin injury would cause changes in ECM composition and thus affecting the myelin regeneration process. Research on the ECM will provide a better understanding of how myelin is formed and regenerated, which will help to develop new therapies for demyelinating diseases. Future progress in this field will provide important information on how to modify the ECM to promote proliferation and differentiation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPC), thereby stimulating myelin formation and regeneration and restoring normal neural function.

细胞外基质（ECM）是细胞分泌的细胞外分子的集合，为周围组织提供结构和生化支持。ECM 通过与生长因子、信号受体或粘附分子相互作用来发挥生物学效应。在髓鞘形成和再生的情况下，ECM 与其受体（例如，整合素）的组合调节信号通路如 PI3K、MAPK 等，进而在髓鞘形成和再生的各个阶段诱导复杂的生物学效应。研究还发现髓鞘损伤会导致ECM成分发生变化，从而影响髓鞘再生过程。对 ECM 的研究将有助于更好地了解髓鞘是如何形成和再生的，这将有助于开发治疗脱髓鞘疾病的新疗法。