The aim of this research was to evaluate the inflammatory and/or oxidative damage related to silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), which are responsible for negative effects on sperm physiology and metabolism. Thirty New Zealand White rabbit bucks were divided into 5 experimental groups (6 animals/group): Control, treated with 0.9% NaCl; AgNP, treated with a 5 mM AgNP solution; LPS, treated with 50 g/kg b.w. E. coli LPS; AgNPs + NSAID, treated with an anti-inflammatory drug at 0.2 mg/kg b.w. and 5 mM AgNPs; and AgNPs + Vit E, treated with 0.18 mg/kg b.w. vitamin E and 5 mM AgNPs. Sperm quality and oxidative and inflammatory status were assessed at different times (0-60 days). Two statistical models were built: the first evaluated the effects of AgNPs and LPS (vs. Control), whereas the second evaluated the protective effect of an NSAID and vitamin E against AgNP-induced damage. Three principal component analyses were performed: sperm traits (motility, volume), oxidative status (antioxidants, oxidative metabolites, and redox reactions), and cytokines (TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-6). A negative effect on reproductive traits resulted after NP administration. In particular, an inflammatory/oxidative response took place in the reproductive tract during the first 2-3 wks of AgNP administration (cytokine and oxidative metabolite generation); the inflammatory/oxidative thrust impaired the status of rabbit tissues (seminal plasma, sperm, and blood), inducing a response (increased antioxidant enzymes and redox reactions) at 4-7 wks; oxidative stress, if not totally counteracted, likely induced toxicity in the late phases of AgNP administration (8-9 wks). In conclusion, exposure to silver nanoparticles produced a similar but more persistent effect than that of LPS on rabbit reproductive tissues: AgNP administration triggered a proinflammatory response linked to oxidative thrust, worsening many sperm parameters. However, only anti-inflammatory treatment counteracted the negative effects of AgNPs, whereas vitamin E seemed to act as an adjuvant, attenuating the oxidative cascade.

中文翻译：

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银纳米颗粒在兔体内引起的氧化和/或炎症推力：维生素 E 或 NSAID 给药对精液参数的影响

本研究的目的是评估与银纳米粒子 (AgNPs) 相关的炎症和/或氧化损伤，银纳米粒子对精子生理和代谢产生负面影响。30 只新西兰大白兔被分成 5 个实验组（6 只动物/组）：对照组，用 0.9% NaCl 处理；AgNP，用 5 mM AgNP 溶液处理；LPS，用 50 g/kg bw大肠杆菌LPS 处理；AgNPs + NSAID，用 0.2 mg/kg 体重的抗炎药和 5 mM AgNPs 处理；和AgNPs + Vit E, 用 0.18 mg/kg bw 维生素 E 和 5 mM AgNPs 处理。在不同时间（0-60 天）评估精子质量和氧化和炎症状态。建立了两个统计模型：第一个评估了 AgNPs 和 LPS（与对照）的影响，而第二个评估了 NSAID 和维生素 E 对 AgNP 诱导的损伤的保护作用。进行了三个主要成分分析：精子特征（运动性、体积）、氧化状态（抗氧化剂、氧化代谢物和氧化还原反应）和细胞因子（TNF- α、IL-8 和 IL-6)。NP给药后对生殖性状产生负面影响。特别是，在施用 AgNP 的前 2-3 周（细胞因子和氧化代谢物产生）期间，生殖道中发生了炎症/氧化反应；炎症/氧化推力损害兔组织（精浆、精子和血液）的状态，诱导反应（增加抗氧化酶和氧化还原反应) 在 4-7 周；氧化应激，如果没有完全抵消，可能会在 AgNP 给药的后期阶段（8-9 周）诱发毒性。总之，暴露于银纳米粒子对兔生殖组织产生了与 LPS 相似但更持久的影响：AgNP 给药引发了与氧化推力相关的促炎反应，使许多精子参数恶化。然而，只有抗炎治疗才能抵消 AgNPs 的负面影响，而维生素 E 似乎充当佐剂，减弱氧化级联反应。