Array antenna beam forming has high potential to improve the performance of the global navigation satellite system (GNSS) in urban areas. However, the widespread application of array antennas for GNSS multipath mitigation is restricted by many factors, such as the complexity of the system, the computation load and conflicts between required performance, cost budget and limited room for the antenna placement. The scope of this work is triplicate. (1) The pre-correlation beam forming structure is first suggested for multipath mitigation to decrease the system complexity. (2) With the pre-correlation structure, the equivalence of adaptive beam forming to quiescent beam forming is revealed. Therefore, the computational load for beam forming is greatly decreased. (3) A theoretical model is established to link the benefits of beam forming with GNSS performance improvement in terms of pseudorange quality. The model can be used by industry to balance the aforementioned restrictions. Numerical results with different array settings are given, and a 2 × 2 rectangle array with $0.4\lambda $ element spacing is suggested as a cost-effective choice in GNSS positioning applications in urban canyon areas.

中文翻译：

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一种用于全球导航卫星系统多径缓解的高性价比波束形成结构及其评估

阵列天线波束形成具有提高城市地区全球导航卫星系统 (GNSS) 性能的巨大潜力。然而，阵列天线在 GNSS 多径缓解中的广泛应用受到许多因素的限制，例如系统的复杂性、计算负载以及所需性能、成本预算和天线放置空间有限之间的冲突。这项工作的范围一式三份。(1) 首先提出预相关波束形成结构用于多径抑制，以降低系统复杂度。(2)利用预相关结构，揭示了自适应波束形成与静态波束形成的等价性。因此，波束形成的计算量大大降低。(3) 建立了一个理论模型，将波束成形的好处与 GNSS 在伪距质量方面的性能改进联系起来。工业界可以使用该模型来平衡上述限制。给出了不同数组设置的数值结果，以及一个 2 × 2 矩形数组$0.4\λ$在城市峡谷地区的 GNSS 定位应用中，建议将单元间距作为具有成本效益的选择。