Process gas flares are considered a key equipment in a refinery, chemical, production, or LNG plant for controlled high-efficiency combustion of unwanted gases during malfunction, startup, shutdown, and maintenance, but gas flaring also produces some undesirable by-products such as noise, smoke, heat radiation, light, and pollutants. This paper will focus on combustion aspects. It will cover details for gas flares including burners, structures, as well as operational factors, flaring regulations, and flaring reduction. On the other hand, it will not discuss details well covered in complementary American Petroleum Institute standards such as flare headers, collection of liquids and knock-out drums, mitigation of air ingress and seals, flare pilots, and flame monitoring.

中文翻译：

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气体火炬系统——最后一道防线

工艺气体火炬被认为是炼油厂、化工、生产或 LNG 工厂中的关键设备，用于在故障、启动、关闭和维护期间控制有害气体的高效燃烧，但气体火炬也会产生一些不需要的副产品，例如噪音、烟雾、热辐射、光和污染物。本文将重点讨论燃烧方面。它将涵盖气体火炬的详细信息，包括燃烧器、结构以及操作因素、火炬规则和火炬减少。另一方面，它不会讨论补充美国石油协会标准中充分涵盖的细节，例如火炬头、液体和分离罐的收集、空气进入和密封的缓解、火炬导向器和火焰监测。