Abstract

HMX can be detonated by an exploding bridgewire (EBW) or a slapper. Direct HMX detonation by an electrical arc has not been demonstrated. This paper shows that the shock from a 99% worst-case lightning current (200 kA and 500 ns rise time) can detonate standard-density HMX at elevated temperatures (i.e., HMX in the most sensitive \(\delta\)-phase at a temperature above 177°C) and that the shock from a 200-kA peak current pulse with a 100 ns rise time can detonate HMX at ambient temperatures. Two necessary detonation conditions are used for these assertions. The relevant Pop-Plot for HMX is converted into an empirical detonation criterion, which is applicable to explosives subject to shocks of variable pressure. The minimum detonation spot size for detonation reported in the literature is used as the other condition. PBX-9501 and LX-04 have similar Pop-Plots to those of HMX; thus, the HMX result is directly applicable. Although PBX-9404 and PBX-9407 are HMX-based, they have somewhat lower Pop-Plot pressures than HMX and are more sensitive to shocks caused by electrical arcs than HMX. As the HMX thermal conductivity is low and the phase transition can be slow, the chance of having a sufficient amount of HMX converted to \(\delta\)-HMX during an accident is small; therefore, the threat of lightning shock-detonating HMX is very low. We recommend lightning simulation tests to be conducted for \(\delta\)-HMX. We also would like to point out that a lightning can ignite HMX, which, in turn, leads to detonation via the deflagration-to-detonation transition.

中文翻译：

---

HMX的直接闪电启动

摘要

HMX可以通过爆炸的桥丝（EBW）或拍击器爆炸。尚未证明电弧直接引爆HMX。本文表明，在99％的最坏情况下的雷电流（200 kA和500 ns的上升时间）下产生的冲击会在高温下引爆标准密度HMX（即，最敏感的\（\ delta \）中的HMX在高于177°C的温度下处于相位），并且200kA峰值电流脉冲的上升时间为100 ns的电击会在环境温度下引爆HMX。这些断言使用两个必要的爆炸条件。HMX的相关Pop-Plot转换为经验爆震标准，适用于承受可变压力冲击的炸药。另一种条件是使用文献中报道的最小起爆点尺寸。PBX-9501和LX-04具有与HMX类似的Pop-Plot。因此，HMX结果可直接应用。尽管PBX-9404和PBX-9407是基于HMX的，但它们的Pop-Plot压力比HMX稍低，并且对电弧引起的冲击的敏感性比HMX高。由于HMX的导热系数很低，并且相变可能很慢，\（\ delta \）-事故期间的HMX很小；因此，雷电引爆的HMX的威胁很小。我们建议对\（\ delta \）- HMX进行雷电模拟测试。我们还想指出的是，闪电可以点燃HMX，继而通过爆燃-爆轰过渡导致爆轰。