Abstract Metabolism is a critical determinant of immune cell functionality. Immunometabolism, by definition, is a multidisciplinary area of immunology research that integrates the knowledge of energy transduction mechanisms and biochemical pathways. An important concept in the field is metabolic switch, a transition of immune cells upon activation to preferential utilization of select catabolic pathways for their energy needs. Mitochondria are not inert in this process and contribute to the metabolic adaptation by different mechanisms which include increasing ATP production to match dynamic bioenergetic demands and serving as a signaling platform. The latter involves generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), one of the most intensively studied mitochondrial processes. While the role of mitochondrial ROS in the context of oxidative stress is well established, ROS signaling in immunity is an emerging and quickly changing field. In this review, we discuss ROS signaling and immunometabolism concepts from the standpoint of bioenergetics. We also provide a critical insight into the methodology for ROS assessment, outlining current challenges in the field. Finally, based on our analysis of the literature data, we hypothesize that regulatory ROS production, as opposed to oxidative stress, is controlled by mitochondrial biogenesis rather than metabolic switches.

中文翻译：

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代谢 ROS 信号传导：免疫及超越

摘要 代谢是免疫细胞功能的关键决定因素。根据定义，免疫代谢是免疫学研究的一个多学科领域，它整合了能量转导机制和生化途径的知识。该领域的一个重要概念是代谢转换，即免疫细胞在激活后转变为优先利用选择的分解代谢途径来满足其能量需求。线粒体在这个过程中不是惰性的，它通过不同的机制促进代谢适应，包括增加 ATP 产量以匹配动态生物能量需求和作为信号平台。后者涉及活性氧 (ROS) 的产生，这是研究最深入的线粒体过程之一。虽然线粒体 ROS 在氧化应激环境中的作用已得到公认，但免疫中的 ROS 信号传导是一个新兴且快速变化的领域。在这篇综述中，我们从生物能量学的角度讨论了 ROS 信号传导和免疫代谢概念。我们还提供了对 ROS 评估方法的重要见解，概述了该领域当前的挑战。最后，基于我们对文献数据的分析，我们假设调节性 ROS 的产生，与氧化应激相反，是由线粒体生物发生而不是代谢开关控制的。我们还提供了对 ROS 评估方法的重要见解，概述了该领域当前的挑战。最后，基于我们对文献数据的分析，我们假设调节性 ROS 的产生，与氧化应激相反，是由线粒体生物发生而不是代谢开关控制的。我们还提供了对 ROS 评估方法的重要见解，概述了该领域当前的挑战。最后，基于我们对文献数据的分析，我们假设调节性 ROS 的产生，与氧化应激相反，是由线粒体生物发生而不是代谢开关控制的。