The current study examined the efficacy of health warnings on caffeinated energy drinks (CEDs). Participants aged 12–24 years (n = 2040) completed an online survey where they were asked to recall any existing warning statements on CED products and were randomized to one of 29 experimental warning conditions. Regression models were fitted to examine differences between conditions in product appeal, perceived safety and message recall. Overall, fewer than 30% of participants were able to accurately describe an existing CED product warning. Experimental findings indicated that exposure to CEDs with warning labels resulted in greater recall. Warnings on the back of CED cans featuring large font, a border, and a ‘caution’ heading resulted in significantly greater recall (P < 0.05 for all). Front-of-package ‘High source of caffeine’ labels resulted in greater recall than a quantitative description (P < 0.001); caffeine labels generally elicited lower product appeal (P < 0.001) and perceived safety (P = 0.002) ratings vs. no caffeine labels, and the qualitative caffeine statement elicited lower perceived safety ratings than the quantitative statement (P = 0.02). Existing warning statements in Canada have low levels of awareness. Warnings on CEDs could be enhanced to increase the salience of messages, with greater impact from clear, descriptive, front-of-package ‘High source of caffeine’ labels.

中文翻译：

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加拿大关于含咖啡因能量饮料的健康警告声明的有效性：一项针对加拿大年轻人的实验研究

目前的研究检查了健康警告对含咖啡因的能量饮料 (CED) 的功效。12-24 岁 ( n  = 2040) 的参与者完成了一项在线调查，要求他们回忆关于 CED 产品的任何现有警告声明，并随机分配到 29 个实验警告条件之一。拟合回归模型以检查产品吸引力、感知安全性和信息召回条件之间的差异。总体而言，只有不到 30% 的参与者能够准确描述现有的 CED 产品警告。实验结果表明，接触带有警告标签的 CED 会导致更大的回忆。带有大字体、边框和“警告”标题的 CED 罐背面的警告显着提高了召回率（P < 0.05 所有）。包装正面的“高咖啡因来源”标签比定量描述的召回率更高（P  < 0.001）； 与没有咖啡因标签相比，咖啡因标签通常引起较低的产品吸引力（P  < 0.001）和感知安全性（P = 0.002）评级，并且定性咖啡因声明比定量声明（P  = 0.02）引起更低的感知安全评级。加拿大现有的警告声明的认识水平较低。可以加强对 CED 的警告，以增加信息的显着性，通过清晰、描述性的包装正面“高咖啡因来源”标签产生更大的影响。