Little is known about influences on gender typicality. To address this issue, the present study examined developmental antecedents of preadolescents' gender typicality. Using a longitudinal multi‐method design, we investigated the prospective associations between the quality of parent–child relationships in childhood and preadolescents' subsequent gender typicality. It was hypothesized that feelings of gender typicality would be positively related to quality of relationship with the corresponding‐gender parent. Sixty‐eight families (40 girls) participated in two home visits. The quality of mother–child and father–child relationships was assessed by observation at age 7 and youths reported on their gender typicality at 11 years. Results indicated that girls who had higher‐quality relationships with their mother at age 7 felt more similar to other girls 4 years later. This finding suggests that mother–child relationships might be a contributing factor in the development of girls' gender typicality.

中文翻译：

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亲子关系质量与孩子的性别典型性之间的关联：一项为期四年的纵向研究

关于性别典型性的影响知之甚少。为了解决这个问题，本研究研究了青春期前性别典型性的发展前因。使用纵向多方法设计，我们调查了儿童时期的亲子关系质量与青春期前的后续性别典型之间的前瞻性关联。有人假设性别典型感与与相应性别父母的关系质量呈正相关。68个家庭（40个女孩）参加了两次家访。通过在7岁时的观察来评估母子关系和父子关系的质量，并报告青年在11岁时的性别典型性。结果表明，在7岁时与母亲有较高品质关系的女孩在4年后的感觉与其他女孩更相似。这一发现表明，母子关系可能是女孩性别特质发展的一个促成因素。