Modern economic growth is no longer found in total factor productivity (TFP) because there are gains from technological change that are never recorded in the returns from innovation or in the National Accounts. The existence of complementarities among technologies derived from the use of robotics, electronic commerce, or innovation is difficult to assess through country-level records. Because the literature has mainly focused on robotisation at an aggregate or industry level, research focusing on a firm level and complementarities analysis have been limited. To fill the gap, in this paper, we intend to provide new evidence regarding the effects of robotisation, digitisation, and innovation on productivity and employment in firms, by using a large sample of 5511 Spanish manufacturing firms for the period 1991–2016. This data captures the payoff to the high rates of investment necessary to upgrade the production technology for firms in a new globally competitive framework.

现代经济增长不再体现在全要素生产率 (TFP) 中，因为技术变革带来的收益从未记录在创新回报或国民账户中。很难通过国家级记录评估源自机器人技术、电子商务或创新的技术之间是否存在互补性。由于文献主要集中在总体或行业层面的机器人化，因此关注公司层面和互补性分析的研究受到限制。为了填补这一空白，在本文中，我们打算通过使用 1991 年至 2016 年期间 5511 家西班牙制造企业的大量样本，提供有关机器人化、数字化和创新对企业生产力和就业影响的新证据。