Nanoparticle (NP) transport is increasingly relevant to subsurface engineering applications such as aquifer characterization and enhanced oil recovery. An efficient field-scale simulation framework is critical for predicting NP performance and designing subsurface applications. In this work, for the first time, a streamline-based model is presented to simulate NP transport in field-scale subsurface systems with heterogeneous permeability. It considers a series of smart behaviors exhibited by engineered nanoparticles (NPs), including time-triggered encapsulation, retention, formation damage effects and variable nanofluid viscosity. The key methods employed by the algorithm are streamline-based simulation (SLS) and an operator-splitting (OS) technique for modeling NP transport. The model is implemented in an in-house streamline-based code, which is verified against analytical solutions, commercial simulator and academic codes. Simulations on a synthetic three-dimensional (3D) nanocapsule application engineering design case, are also performed to investigate the effect of fluid and NP properties on the displacement pattern of an existing subsurface fluid.

纳米颗粒（NP）的运输与地下工程应用（例如含水层表征和提高采油率）越来越相关。有效的现场规模仿真框架对于预测NP性能和设计地下应用至关重要。在这项工作中，首次提出了一种基于流线的模型来模拟具有非均质渗透率的田间规模地下系统中的NP运移。它考虑了工程纳米颗粒（NP）表现出的一系列智能行为，包括时间触发的封装，保留，形成破坏效应和可变的纳米流体粘度。该算法采用的关键方法是基于流线的模拟（SLS）和用于拆分NP传输的算子分解（OS）技术。该模型是在内部基于流线的代码中实现的，经过分析解决方案，商业模拟器和学术规范的验证。还对合成的三维（3D）纳米胶囊应用工程设计案例进行了仿真，以研究流体和NP特性对现有地下流体驱替模式的影响。