Navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker), is a primary pest of almonds, pistachios, and walnuts in California. These specialty tree nut crops are widely planted across the state and account for a significant share of total agricultural revenue, with 1.7 million combined acres generating a total farm-gate value of $8.9 billion. Larvae of A. transitella cause direct damage to the nut, burrowing into the kernel and contaminating it with frass and webbing, while adults are able to introduce fungi during oviposition that produce aflatoxin, a known human carcinogen that is heavily regulated both domestically and in key foreign markets. As such, there is little tolerance for A. transitella infestation, and most operations aim for <2% crop damage from this pest. Currently, integrated management of A. transitella involves a combination of orchard sanitation, well-timed insecticide sprays, timely harvest, and, most recently, mating disruption. Additional novel tools, such as sterile insect technique, are currently being explored. This species has a strong dispersal capacity, and given the extensive, and many times contiguous, acreage of tree nuts in California, long-term management will require the development of an effective area-wide management strategy. Tools, tactics, and conditions are in an ongoing state of change, and therefore pest management for this economically important species is a work in progress. Here, we discuss the biology, seasonal phenology, monitoring, and management of A. transitella across almonds, pistachios, and walnuts.

中文翻译：

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加州脐橙（蠕虫：Pyralidae）的生物学与管理

肚脐橙蠕虫（Amyelois transitionella，步行者）是加利福尼亚州杏仁，开心果和核桃的主要害虫。这些特产的坚果类作物在全州广泛种植，在农业总收入中占相当大的份额，总计170万英亩，产生的农场总产值为89亿美元。过渡果曲霉的幼虫直接破坏坚果，钻入果核并被雀斑和织带污染，而成年人在产卵时能够引入真菌，产生黄曲霉毒素，黄曲霉毒素是已知的人类致癌物，在国内和关键方面均受到严格调节国外市场。因此，对A.transportella的耐受性很小侵扰，大多数操作旨在使这种害虫对作物造成的损害<2％。目前，对过氧梭菌的综合管理涉及果园卫生，及时喷洒杀虫剂，及时收获以及最近的交配破坏。目前正在探索其他新工具，例如无菌昆虫技术。该树种具有很强的分散能力，并且鉴于加利福尼亚州的坚果种植面积广泛且常常是连续的，因此长期管理将需要制定有效的区域管理策略。工具，策略和条件处于不断变化的状态，因此对该经济上重要物种的虫害管理仍在进行中。在这里，我们讨论了生物学，季节性物候，监测和管理A. transitella跨越杏仁，开心果，和核桃。