In explosive submarine eruptions, volcanic jets transport fragmented tephra and exsolved gases from the conduit into the water column. Upon eruption the volcanic jet mixes with seawater and rapidly cools. This mixing and associated heat transfer ultimately determines whether steam present in the jet will completely condense or rise to breach the sea surface and become a subaerial hazard. We develop a multiphase model with subgrid calculations for in situ steam condensation to explore the relationship between eruption conditions (e.g., water depth, mass eruption rate, and eruption temperature) and the produced steam jet height and breach potential. We find that mass eruption rate is the predominant control of jet height, more so than vent width. We present a series of parameter maps predicting the limits of eruption breach for water depths of 200, 500, and 1,000 m. We demonstrate the relationship between subsurface jets and sea surface temperature anomalies, and sea surface displacement. Lastly, we evaluate the role of dispersed ash on volcanic jet development by comparing jets with particles of different size and density, as well as differing eruption conditions with particles.

中文翻译：

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爆炸性海底喷发：可燃气体喷射在水下喷发中的作用

在爆炸性海底喷发中，火山喷流将破碎的提夫拉和溶解的气体从管道输送到水柱中。喷发时，火山喷流与海水混合并迅速冷却。这种混合和相关的热传递最终决定了射流中存在的蒸汽是否将完全凝结或上升以破坏海面并成为海底危害。我们开发了一个带有子网格计算的多相模型，用于原位蒸汽凝结，以探索喷发条件（例如水深，质量喷发速率和喷发温度）与产生的蒸汽射流高度和突破潜力之间的关系。我们发现，喷发量的主要控制因素是喷发高度，而不是喷口宽度。我们提供了一系列参数图，可预测200深度水的喷发破坏极限，500和1,000 m。我们证明了地下射流与海面温度异常以及海面位移之间的关系。最后，我们通过比较具有不同大小和密度的粒子以及具有不同粒子喷发条件的粒子来评估火山灰中火山灰的分散作用。